Izithombe ezingama-20 + ezibonisa ubuso bangempela zabantu abaphila eminyakeni engama-2 000 edlule

Ngekhulu le-XIX, abavubukuli bathole isimanga sangempela emathuneni aseGibhithe lasendulo - imidwebo enengqondo yamadoda, abesifazane nezingane. Ubuciko obunjalo bebengangeni emananini avele akwazi kahle: amakhanda - kuphrofayili, amahlombe namabele - ADAS, futhi ngenxa yalokho ngadikiza ososayensi. Kepha wasinika umbono ocacile wokuthi abantu babebukeka kanjani eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu-2 000 edlule.

I-Amente.ru inqume ukukhombisa ukuthi amadoda, abesifazane kanye nezingane zaleyo minyaka leyo futhi yimiphi imihlobiso ababeyigqoka ngayo. Futhi sibonga ososayensi, ama-Mummies ahlelwe kabusha, siyazi ukuthi abaculi basendulo bapenda ngokweqiniso - ngokunemba kuka-63-73%.

Kuvela kanjani imidwebo enjalo

© Mykreeve / Ilayisense lemibhalo yama-Egypt / GNU Free / Wikimedia Commons, © Metropolitan Museum of Art / Creative Commons CC0 1.0 / Wikimedia Commons

• Ubuciko baseGibhithe, ngaphandle kwesikhathi esifushane soMthetho kaFaro Ehnaton, kwadingeka ukuthi kube nemibandela: Imidwebo nemidwebo eboniswe abantu ngombono ochazwe ngokuqinile futhi ngaphandle kwemizwa. Le ndlela yahlelwa ngumfanekiso womuntu odlula kwelinye izwe. Amamaski wokungcwaba, abekelwe ebusweni bama-mummy, nawo ayekade. Imaski eshibhile yenziwa ngendwangu eqinisiwe ngodaka, futhi noFaro bakwazi ukukhokhela imaski yegolide namatshe ayigugu.
• Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka BC, iGibhithe yawa ngaphansi kwamandla eRoma. AmaRoma namaGrikhi amukela ngokuzithandela amasiko kanye namasiko endawo, kodwa esikhundleni sama-masks angewona angewonambano aqala ukubeka ama-mummies awona abonakele. "Imfashini" entsha yahlala kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-III.
• Ekolweni kulo lonke elaseGibhithe, abavubukuli bathole cishe inkulungwane enjalo imidwebo, futhi iningi lengxenye latholakala eFayum Oasis. Kulaba ososayensi baqamba ama-fayum portrait.
• Ngokuphikisana namaski, zenziwa emapulangwe ezinkuni, ngaphansi kaningi - kwi-gluvas eqinisiwe. Ngaphansi kwethonya lobuciko be-classical of the Greeks namaRoma, bathola ubumnandi kanye nomoya wokuzwela. Indlela yokubhala eminye imidwebo iyakhumbuza ubuhlungu kanye nokucindezelwa.

© Matthiaskabel / Staatliche AntikensammLen, Munich, Germany / Gnu Free Izincwadi Zemibhalo / I-Wikimedia Commons, © Mussee d'Orisay / CC0 / Wikimedia Commons

• Inqubo yokushintsha kusuka kumaski kuya ku-fayum portrait ibingekhona manjalo. Lapho kutholwa ithuna, kwatholakala ithuna lomndeni wonke. Futhi yini efuna ukwazi, izingane nabesifazane babenezithombe, futhi umyeni wakhe wayenemaski enezingqephu zegolide esikhundleni salokho.
• Isazi se-flinders yaseGibhilo soluso sithi izithombe eziningi zenziwa ngesikhathi sokuphila komuntu futhi mhlawumbe sahlobisa indlu yakhe. Uhlobo lwe-PTRI lukhombisa ukuthi imidwebo eminingi inqunywa ukuze ilingane ngaphansi kwamabhandi wefilakisi.
• Yize bekukhona imidwebo, eyenzelwe ngokucacile ukushanela: khona ngqo emigodini ye-canvas, lapho kusongwe khona umama.

© Tooloyko / Ubuciko BaseGibhithe LaseGisese eMuseo Archeologico Nazionale (Florence) / CC By-SA 3.0 / Wikimedia Commons, © I-EgyptIan Museum of Berlin / CC0 / Wikimedia Commons

Kanjani futhi kudonswa kanjani imidwebo enjalo

• Bambalwa abantu abangakwazi ukukhokhela isithombe esithandekayo. AbakwaFlinders Pithree bathi kubo bonke ama-mummies awatholile, yi-1-2% kuphela ehlotshiswe ngezithombe zabantu. Kepha phakathi kwalabo ababenemali yoku-oda isithombe, kwaba nokuthweswa iziqu.
• Imidwebo ethandekayo yadonswa yi-wax ecwengekile. Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esishisayo saseGibhithe, manje, ngemuva kwamakhulu eminyaka angu-18-20, bagcina upende wabo.

© José Luiz Bernards Ribeir / ägyptisches Museum / CC By-SA 4.0 / Wikimedia Commons, © I-Sailko / Paintings ku-Bode-Museum / CC ngu-3.0 / Wikimedia Commons

• Imihlobiso kanye nemichilo yezintokazi ezicebile nabesilisa abaculi baseGibhithe lasendulo benza amapuleti amancanyana egolide langempela - i-ntrestone. Imidwebo enjalo, njengomthetho, yenziwa ngamakhosi anethalente.

© Fayum Mummy Portrait of the Youth eGolide WorAdiva / CC0 / Wikimedia Commons, © I-Encoustic Fayum Mummy Portrait of Bejeweleng One Ingxenye Yezingxenye zeLinen, mhlawumbe ku-Ankyropolis / CC0 / Wikimedia Commons

• Ngemifanekiso eshibhile, izinga lokushisa lalisetshenziswa ngesisekelo se-yolk yeqanda. Kepha imidwebo eminingi eyenziwe ngabe yilapho ilula ukubulawa, ipendwe ngezinto ezingabizi kakhulu futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, zazilimele ngokuningilisiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

© zde / antikensamblung Berlin (Alesses Museum) / CC By-SA 4.0 / Wikimedia Commons, © iqoqo Bruno Kertzmar Gallery, Vienna European Courpriecry / CC0 / Wikimedia Commons

Oboniswe emifanekisweni kaFayum

© brück & sohn kunstverlag Meißen / Berlin; Staatliche Museen, ägyptisches Museum / CC By-SA 3.0 / Wikimedia Commons Glyptotek / CC0 / Wikimedia Commons, © Wikimedia Commons Mädchens / CC0 / Wikimedia Commons

• Yize ngemuva kokunqotshwa kweGibhithe, izindima ezivelele ezweni lathathwa ngamaRoma namaGrikhi, kunamaGibhithe amaningi ngezithombe zikaFayum. Iningi labahlali bokuqala abangamaGrikhi bashada nabaseGibhithe lendawo, bamukela amasiko abo nezinkolelo zabo futhi benza okuthile kukho.
• Ngasikhathi sinye, igama lesiGreki noma lesiLatini esithombeni alisho ukuthi kulowo mRoma noma amaRoma: ngaphansi kwethonya lemfashini emasikweni avelele, amaGibhithe amaningi azithathela amagama anjalo "isikhundla.
• Abesifazane emdwebeni we-fayum baboniswa ngezinwele ezahlukahlukene, ezingutsheni nasekuhlosweni okunethezeka. Babekhathazekile ngezembatho zemibala ehlukene: mhlophe, obomvu, ophuzi, i-lilac, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ipinki.

© ägyptisches Museum und PapyrusmAmLulung, STAATLichemuseen Zu Berlin / CC0 / Wikimedia Commons, © Portait Of The "Europen, I-Louvre Museum / CC0 / Wikimedia Commons

• Amasosha nabasubathi abadlali baseFayum badwebe bapendiwe futhi banamahlombe angenalutho. Ngokuvamile, amadoda ayevame ukuboniswa ezingutsheni ezimhlophe, futhi kuphela ama-wreths egolide ayekuwo.

© I-SAIKKO / Fayum Mummy Portraits in AntikensammLung Berlin / CC Ngu-3.0 / Wikimedia Commons, © I-Eloquence / CC0 / Wikimedia Commons

• Izingane ezithombeni zikaFayum zazivame ukuvezwa ngemigexo yegolide, lapho kumiswa khona i-Amulet.
• Ngomhlambi onjalo entanyeni, umfana omncane oneminyaka engu-3-4 ubudala, manje umama omnandi nesithombe manje esekuqoqweni komnyuziyamu wezobuciko baseGibhithe eMunich. Ukuthola ukuthi wabheka kanjani impilo, ososayensi bakha kabusha i-mummy yakhe. Futhi kwavela ukuthi umculi yize ngipenda umntwana ofana kakhulu, kodwa ngaveza umntwana omdala iminyaka eminingana.

© Nerlich AG, Fischer L, PAPER S, Bicker R, Helmberger T, Schoske S (2020)

• Lapho abaseGibhithe lasendulo benza izifanekiso zabesifazane, zazivame ukubaziveza zincane futhi zinhle kunasempeleni. Kepha amadoda kule minyaka azange ancibilike - kukholakala ukuthi iminyaka evuthiwe ihlotshisiwe futhi inika ithuba.
• Kubekhona isimo esihlukile esithombeni sikaFayum: izingane, izinsizwa nabesifazane zivame ukuvezwa lapho. Kumane kuchazwa: impilo ngalezozinsuku ngisho nabantu abacebile bebefushane. Futhi ukuhlala kuze kube yilapho udweba isithombe esinjalo, bambalwa abantu abangakwazi.

© Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin Frcp (Glasg) / The British Museum / CC By-SA 4.0 / Wikimedia Commons

• Kuneminye imininingwane yelukuluku: Abesifazane ku-Paintings banezitayela zezinwele ezihlukile, okungukuthi, ngalezo zinsuku imfashini yashintsha. Kusezinwele nasezigqokweni zamantombazane, ososayensi banquma ukuthi yini inkathi eyodwa noma esinye isithombe. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokubusa koMbusi, abesifazane baseTiberius babegqoka izinwele zezinwele ezijwayelekile ngokuzinikela phakathi, futhi imfashini yakamuva yafika ekuhambeni okuyinkimbinkimbi ngama-curls, ama-braids kanye nokwehla ebunzini.

© Eloquence / Britis0h Museum / CC0 Wikimedia Commons, © I-Eloquence / Royal Museum of Scotland / CC0 / Wikimedia Commons

Ngabe unake ukuthi yonke imidwebo yamakhala abushelelezi ngokuphelele, futhi amehlo akhulu futhi ajulile? Ucabanga ukuthi yini isizathu?