UDon Cossack no-Ataman Stepan Rabin bangenele le ndaba njengomgcwali kanye nenhloko yempi yabampofu eyayigcwele eRussia ngo-1670-1671. Kubantu abaningi, igama lakhe lihlotshaniswa nokuhlaselwa inkunkune nokubhujiswa. Ukuhlubuka okungaphansi kobuholi bodonga lwe-razin kwaba yinto ebuhlungu futhi enegazi lomlando waseRussia.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ubuntu bukaStepan akufanele bubhekwe kuphela ngaphansi kwe-angle enjalo - wayengenabo abangenangqondo nobubanzi bomphefumulo. Kungabizwa kufanele ngokuthi umphathi ovelele, owaba "nguYise" wabo bonke ababi. Iyiphi indlela yokuphila kaStepan Rabin? Yini eyaziwayo ngalo Muntu ophikisanayo noMuntu onzima?
iminyaka yokuqala
U-Stepan Timofeevid Rambin wazalwa ngo-1630 emndenini weCossack. Njengoba inganekwane ithi ngaye, umama uMabin wayeyi-Crimean Tatarka, yize leli qiniso lingaqinisekisiwe. UMotherland kababa kaStepasana kwakunguVoronezh, kanye nezizathu zokuhlala kabusha kwa-Don, njengabanye abalimi abaningi, babelamba kanye nokungabi namandla kwamandla.
Ukuba yisikhukhula, uThimofey wathola indlu nomnotho omkhulu, waba ngomunye wabamele abahlonishwa kakhulu bezikolo. Wabamba iqhaza kuyo yonke imikhankaso yezempi ngokubeka uthando ngenkululeko nesibindi emadodaneni akhe - u-Ivan, uStepaman noFrolu.
Izinguquko eziningi nezinguquko ze-Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich zaphenduka umthwalo ongabekezeleleki wabalimi kanye nezindawo zokufunda. Ngo-1649, "kwasayinwa" umyalezo weCathedral ", owandisa isikhundla sama-serfs. Lokhu bekuyimbangela yokunganeliseki kubantu, evusa amahlumela abantu ukuba banikele.
Lapho, abalimi baba "behamba ze", ama-cossacks wamahhala ngaphandle kwempahla. Abafelukazi bahlangene ezindlini ezihlangene, bavame ukuphanga, futhi okwamanje, inani lezindawo zokuhlala ezinjalo zabampofu. Izinhlangano ezinkulu kunazo zonke zaba yi-Do Don and YaitSky Cossacks.
Izimbangela zokuvukela
Emithonjeni yomlando ka-1652, sekuyaphawuleka ukuthi uStepan Mirnar waba i-Ataman, obekulokhu enza ukusekela "golutbi". Okwamanje lapho emphefumulweni wakhe, intukuthelo yabameleli beziphathimandla, eyayithathwa njengezigqila ezinamandla. Kodwa-ke, ithuba lokushintsha kwakuyinhlekelele ka-1665. Umfowabo u-Ivan wakhe walingisa amabutho enkampanini yaseRussia-Polish Yuri Dolgoruky.
Isikhukhula sinqume ukushiya inkundla yempi ukuze bazinikele, okungakhuliswanga ngabamele izikolo zamahhala. Kodwa-ke, i-warlord yayalela ukuba ibambe no-Ivan naseqenjini lakhe, ibamemezele abalimele, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho wabulawa. Njengoba elahlekelwe ngumfowabo nabangane abaningi, uStepan Rabin wayeqonda ukuthi ufuna ukulwa nalabo abaphonsa isiyaluyalu.
U-Stepan Timofeevich wanquma ngokuqinile ukufeza izintaba zamasosha, kufaka phakathi iMoscow. Ukuthatha ngempumelelo amadolobha amaningi, uStepan abize abantu ukuthi bajoyine izingozi. Abantu abalula, abalimi abakhubazekile babembheka njengomholi wabo, bakholwa yiwo wonke amagama.
Ungowesinye isizwe ngakwelinye izwe. U-Stretis, owabona inkulumo ka-rasin e-Astrakhan, wabhala ukuthi uStepan wathi okulandelayo:
"Ngeke ngiphoqe ukuphoqelela amandla, futhi ubani ofuna ukuba nami - uzoba yisikhundla samahhala! Ngafika ngishaya kuphela ama-wayare nabampofu, futhi nabampofu futhi abahle, njengomfowethu, wonke umuntu! ".".
Amandla uStepan Rabin
Futhi kwakunjalo impela. Kepha yini imfihlo yempumelelo yentambo yemvula? Izimfanelo zakhe zokuzalwa zazizitha futhi i-inxcanal, eyasiza ezindabeni zamasosha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uRabin unethalente lezintombiso, okwamsiza ukuthi axazulule izingxoxo ezinzima kakhulu emseni wakhe. Ukwazile ukubuyisana nabantu abancane esifundeni saseVolga, esasekelwa izihlubuki.
Isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu sokulungiselela ukuvuka kwakungukuthiwa "Hike ngemuva kwaZiphinov", lapho abasekeli be-rasin bathola ukwesekwa futhi bakhuphule izithuthi zabo, bakhuphule izindleko zokuhweba okubanjwayo kwemikhumbi yaseRussia nasePheresiya. ukuthuthukisa isu lesinyathelo esengeziwe. Ukuphakanyiswa nobuqili ngesingalo esikhulu kwasiza uStepan ukuba aqinise ukuqunjelwa kwawo. Kodwa-ke, umehluko awutholi kuphela izici ezithambile.
Encwadini engaziwa evela emkhunjini "u-Orel", eyayimi eduze kwase-Astrakhan, kwaphawulwa:
"Indoda inonya futhi inenkani, ikakhulukazi ngendlela ephuzile: Lapho-ke injabulo enkulu ithola ekuhlushweni kwabangaphansi kwayo, bagcwalisa isisu sesihlabathi bese beyiphonsa emfuleni."Kuyafaneleka ukusho ngesiqephu esidumile esichazwe engomeni "ngenxa yesiqhingi eStrazhen", esenzeka nge-Astrakhan. Isihluku sikaStepan Rabin silandisa intandokazi yasePheresiya ne-Irani, egcinwe kuze kube manje.
Ukulungiselela ukuhamba ngezinyawo
Isimo esiphikisayo nesinonya se-rasin asiphazamisi, zithole ama-comrade amaningi ngokwengeziwe. Akugcinanga nje kuphela abantu abacindezelwe futhi ababencishwe amathuba abantu manje sebeyelulela ku-Ataman odumile.Amavolontiya ezindlini ezihlangenwe nakho kukaRazin manje zivame ukukhonzwa ngabantu, izingcweti, abathengisi. Amabutho akwaCossack ayeyizisebenzi eziningi ezindala ezingagculisekile ngokutholwa kwe-Church Reform yenzalamizi uNikon. Isendla i-rasin kanye nabantu abahlukahlukene besifunda seVolga - Mordva, Tatars, Chuvashi, Mari.
Ngonyaka nje, amabutho ka-rasin athole amandla amakhulu. Futhi uma ekuqaleni 'ekuhambeni ngemuva kwe-zipunov "inqola yahamba nezindawo ezingamakhulu ayisithupha, manje okungenani abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-20 bahlanganisa iziqu zakhe.
Ngo-1670, uRasin usevele walungisa ibutho lakhe emkhankasweni omkhulu - eMoscow. Wathula ngamabomu amahlebezi, njengokungathi ekamu lakhe, u-Alexey Aleksevich alexey, indlalifa esemthethweni esihlalweni sobukhosi, okwathiwa kufile. Eqinisweni, iTsarevich esencane yafa ngempela ngokugula, kodwa ayizange ivimbele abakhohlisi ukuthi basebenzise igama lakhe.
Okwesibili ukuthatha i-astrakhan
URasin waphinde wathuthukela kuVolga, kepha manje amadolobha amaningi anikele kuye ngaphandle kokulwa. Ukusetha ama-tsaritsyn, amaRussoletsie, ngaphansi kobuholi be-Atamani elinesibindi, elibheke e-Astrakhan. IHarrow, eyayingafuni ukunika inqaba kubalungisi, yahlelwa kabusha isuka odongeni lwedolobha. Abavukeli bahlela ukubulawa kwabantu, okwaqhubeka nangemva kokunakekelwa kwe-rasin kwa-Astrakhan. Ukuvela kwakhe kwesibili kulo muzi sekube yigazi elincane kunalolo lokuqala.
UDavid Butet, owayese-Astrakhan ngaleso sikhathi, wakhumbula idolobha elithatha ama-shudders:
"I-9th inamathele igwegwe ohlangothini luka-Alexey Alekseevich nonobhala futhi yamfaka kanye nendodana kaGiyansky Khan esigxotsheni, lapho bafa khona ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Ngemuva kwalokho odongeni lweKremlin, walengiswa phezu kwemilenze yamadodana amabili oMbusi ... ngakusasa waboshwa, futhi umdala wehliswa embhoshongweni, uBaba walahlwa ngawo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa . "
Ukubhekana nokwabavuswa
Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwempumelelo ye-rasin, inkosi yabona ukuthi lo muntu nalabo abakulunge kangakanani ukuhamba ngemuva kwakhe ngisho nokufa kwaba khona. Kwaphonswa amabutho athile amabutho asebukhosini lapho kucindezelwa ukuvukela. Ukumisa "amavukelambuso kanye namasela", u-Alexey Mikhailovich uthumele i-Voevod Y. Dolgorukov, v. Shcherbatova kanye y. Baryatinsky, obekulinde iBuntovshchikov ngaphansi kwe-arzamas.
U-Yuri Baryatinsky waqala ukunyukela eKazan, efuna ukunganikeli ithuba lokuthi amasosha amabutho ahamba. Naphezu kwemizamo yokuphelelwa yithemba yokudiliza izisulu zokujezisa, amanxiwa ahlulekile ukufeza inhloso yawo. Manje babhajwe.
UStanan ngokwakhe walwa ngesibindi ngaphandle kokuqamba amanxeba nobuhlungu. Ezimpini ngaphansi kwe-symbirsky, wakuthola ukulimala okungathi sína. Naphezu kwekhanda elibunjiwe kanye nokulahleka kwezikhathi ezithile kokwazi, i-rasin yaqhubeka nokulwa. Kodwa-ke, manje i-imeyili, eyayivame ukusizakala ka-Ataman, yaba yizikhali zomphikisi wakhe.
U-Yuri Baryatinsky ubuqili bathatha izihlubuki ezazisekude. Wayala ukubambezelwa okuncane ukuwela ogwini oluphambene lwe-Sviyagi futhi kumemeze kakhulu ukusuka lapho. Ukunquma ukuthi lokhu kwafika ukuqiniswa kwamasosha ama-Tsarist, uStepan Rabin waya ngokushesha e-DON, lapho ahlela khona ukuthatha iziqubulo ezintsha zokusiza abangane.
Ukunqoba amavukelambuso
Eshiya abangane bakhe e-Symbirsk, u-rasin futhi ake wacabanga ukuthi abukwazanga, hlobo luni lwesiphetho luyafunwa. Ngaphandle kwe-Ataman yakhe kanye nesikhuthazo, amasosha aseCossack-Peaper avela ebuthakathaka futhi angahlelekile. U-Yuri Baaryatinsky waxosha ukuvukela, wadilizwa ngaphansi kwe-arzamas, futhi waqalwa kakhulu ukuba aqonde kanzima ukuze aqonde.
Omunye wabaphathi bakwamanye amazwe wabhala kudayari yakhe:
"Kuyethusa ukubheka ama-arzamas: Amadlelo akhe abonakala esihogweni esiphelele: nomaphi lapho babemi khona izimbotshana balengisa cishe cishe ama-40 nezidumbu ezingama-50 kuyo yonke indawo; Kwakukhona amakhanda asakazeke futhi kwabhema igazi elisha; Izibalo zazinamathela ngaphandle, lapho izigebengu zazihlushwa khona futhi zazihlala ziphila izinsuku ezintathu, zithola ukuhlupheka okungachazeki. Ekuqhubekeni kwezinyanga ezintathu, abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-11 babulawa. "
Imvula yefilimu
Kepha uyini uStepan? Ngaleso sikhathi, uMazin wazama ukucela ukusekelwa kwama-don cossacks. Nazi nje abamele lesizinda sezikolo abafunanga ukuthi amakhosi asebukhosini aphendukele e-MAHHALA Don.
Ngisho nobaba we-landcale, uKorniliy Yakovlev, kuqala ukusekela i-Ataman, akafuni ukunamathela emazweni akhe. Iningi lawo olwakhi langaphambili lalinobutha imvula. Noma kunjalo, cishe ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva, i-rasin nabangane bayo babehlala edolobheni laseKagalnitskian.
Naphezu kokuzola kwangaphandle, ama-don cossacks ayemangazayo. Amaphoyisa abonile ukuthi umehluko otholakala eduze kwabo kuzoba yisizathu sokubonakala kwamabutho asebukhosini, futhi lokhu kwakuwukwesaba kwabo okuyinhloko. Ngo-Ephreli 14, 1671, ukuvalwa okuncane kwezindawo zasendaweni kwahlasela iKagasnik, emva kwalokho idolobha lashiswa.
Cishe wonke ama-comrade ahlasela abulawa, nendlu lapho ayeyizinyanga ezimbalwa, evutha amalangabi. Ukumelana nokuphelelwa yithemba akusizanga ku-Ataman ekuxabaneni. UStepan Rabin wathathwa yizikolo zawo uqobo, futhi umfowabo omncane wabanjwa kungekudala.
ICassenger Ataman
Bangathathwa abantu abangaphezu kwamakhulu amabili ukuba bathunjiwe eMoscow. UFrol wakhalaza futhi wasolwa ngokunenkinga nomfowabo omdala, uStepan akazange avume: "Akunankinga! Sizobe siklanywe ekuqaleni; Amanenekazi amakhulu azohamba azohlangana nathi. " Izindawo zokuthwebula umholi weBuntovshchikov nomfowabo bathole "isihe esikhulu" sakhe ", esasinama-ruble esiliva esiliva, amasinkwa esikhulu, amakhilogremu ayi-150 e-Gunpowder futhi ahole.
Ejele, uRasin wahlushwa isikhathi eside, kodwa ngisho nangesikhathi sokuhlushwa abonise isibindi nokuqina okungafinyeleleki. I-prolop uJacob Riettfels yabhala ngo-rasin:
"Umzimba wakhe wawusuvele uyisilonda, ngakho-ke ukushaywa kwesiswebhu kwawela emathanjeni anqunu, futhi nokho ngokungakunaki, kodwa akuzange kukhanye futhi kungazange kukhanye umfowabo, ohlukaniswe yi-Hardy yakhe, owayehlukaniswe kanzima, owayehlukaniswe kanzima. , kancane futhi stocking. "
Naphezu kwabo bonke abahlushwayo bahlukunyezwa, ukuhlukunyezwa nenzondo, eyayixhaswa yizikhulu zikahulumeni, yahlala ingenzeka ukuthi ibubula okokugcina. Njengamadoda wezingolwane atshela ukuthi, ufana kaningi nomfowabo ukuthi icala abaqala ngalo ngokuqinisekile lizoholela ekugcineni okufanayo - ngisho nalapho kuphumelela kakhulu. Angingabazi ukuthi uStepan, ngokungafani neFrol, wazi kahle ngengozi yesikhundla sakhe ngisho nangesikhathi sokunqoba.
NgoJuni 6, 1671, ukwenziwa kukaStepan Rabin kwenzeka esikwele esibomvu. Izehlakalo zosuku zichazwa ngokuningiliziwe encwadini ka-English Shomas Hebdon:
"Lesi siphazamiso sagcina uhlobo lwayo lokuthukuthela lomashiqela ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi, njengoba kubonwe, alwesabi ukufa nhlobo ... abanye bethu baphenyisiwe ngegazi. Ekuqaleni wasika izandla zakhe, khona-ke imilenze yakhe, ekugcineni, inhloko. Lezi zingxenye ezinhlanu zomzimba zitshale izibalo ezinhlanu. Ukushiswa kwaphonswa kusihlwa. "Njengoba inganekwane ithi, ngesikhathi sokubulawa uqobo, lapho uStepan enazandla, umfowabo, akazange akubone, wamemeza wathi: "Ngiyalazi iZwi nendaba yombuso!". LOKHO OKUFANELE KWENZIWE NGOKUPHELELE: "Kuthule, Inja!", Njengoba sekuyizwi Lakhe Lokugcina.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izingxenye ezinezingxenye zomzimba we-stepan rasin base baseMoscow, le ndoda yaqhubeka iqhubeka nokwesaba. Ngisho nangemva kokufa kwakhe, wahlala enamandla futhi ebabazekayo kwiziphathimandla. Ukuhlubuka kwakhe kwakungukuphahlazeka ngenxa yokuzivikela kanye nezinga eliphansi lenhlangano, ukuntuleka kwezinhloso ezithile nokungaguquki kwezenzo zeRebel.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izahluko ngokwakhe ziyaqhubeka ukuhlukanisa izingqondo zabantu. Kuyo, isihluku esingacabangeki, ubukhosi beqiniso, imibono ephezulu kanye nezifiso ezinamanga aqamba amanga zazijwayele. Kepha into esemqoka - wayethembekile ngokuphelele kuleli cala, imibono yakhe, yenqabe ukuthi angaze afe.