Kunezitayela ezinkulu zokwakha eziningi. Kodwa-ke, ngalinye lemivimbo elandelayo ayikaze iphikile ukuthi yayiyini ngaphambi kwakhe. Lapho kudala indalo yakhe, abaklami bezakhiwo bebelokhu begxile emsebenzini wabanduleli futhi baletha okuthile okusha, ngenxa yalokho okwazalwa kwezakhiwo ezihlukile.
Sise-Adme.Ru sinqume ukugqamisa izitayela ezi-6 ezazinomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni okulandelayo kwezakhiwo. Futhi ngaphakathi kwawo wonke, bakhuluma ngezendlalelo, okufanele futhi bacabangele, kucatshangelwa ukwakheka komhlaba wonke.
Igothic
Isitayela se-Gothic saqala eFrance phakathi kwekhulu le-XII. Isampula yalolu hlelo ibhekwa njengesonto lesonto likaNkulunkulu laseParis. Enye yezimpumelelo ezinkulu zalesi sikhathi ihlotshaniswa nokwenza ngcono ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sokwakha: Uhlaka lwe-arch luqale ukusetshenziswa, okunciphise umthwalo odongeni ngokwenza lula ama-arches. Ngesitayela se-Gothic, izici ezinjalo zibonakaliswa njengesifiso sezikhuphukela, inqwaba yemininingwane yokuhlobisa (ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi se- "flaming gothic"), ama-arches ama-stale. I-Purple ithathwa njengombala we-gothic, obomvu nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuyo (izakhi zensomi) yizimpawu zobunye basemhlabeni nasezulwini. Ngempela, lezi zithunzi zazikhona ezigabeni ze-gothic.
Cathedral of the Parisian Musian of God (France).
I-Gothic yesimo ihlukaniswe eningizimu (Spain, e-Italy, i-Flanders, e-Western Germany, i-Switzerland, e-Scandic Earland, enyakatho yeBaltic - eSaxony neBrandenburg) . Uma izakhiwo ezifanelekaningi zidalwe kusuka ezintweni ezilinganiselayo, okuthi, ngokulula, kungenzeka ukuthi zenze imicu enhle, khona-ke iNortotic yakhiwa izitini (njll. Gothic). Ngenxa yalokhu, ukubonakala kwezakhiwo zeHanseatic bekunzima kakhulu futhi kunzima, izinhlaka zazibonakala zinesizotha kakhulu futhi zincane kakhulu.
NgangiseFinland naseLithuania, eSpain nase-Italy, ngabona izakhiwo zakwaGothic lapho. Ngempela, i-South naseNyakatho Gothic ihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye, kepha nokho okuvamile kulandelwa. U-Alexander
Cathedral of Turku neSonto LaseSt Gertruda.
Amakati aseMilan neTolesky.
Ukuvuselela
Isakhiwo seRenaissance, noma iRenaissance, yavela e-Italy ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XV. Ibonakala ngokulingana okuqinile, ukuhambisana nokulingana kanye nokuhlobisa okuhlobisa. Kuyisiko ukwaba izinkathi ezi-3:
- Ukuzalwa kwangaphambili (i-quatrocheto). Kwakhiwa izakhiwo eziningi ngalesi sikhathi zihlobene nezinhlaka zomuzi. Zibonakaliswa ukubekwa phansi kwezigodi ezivundlile, imvamisa ama-facade aphathwe ngokugqwala (i-coarse Stone). Isikhungo se-quatrocherto kwakunguFlorence.
- Imvuselelo ephezulu. Le nkathi ikhombisile ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zaseRoma. Banqoba ukulingana okuhle, nge-dome phakathi (ezikhungweni zenkolo). Ngokungafani nezakhiwo zokuzalwa kabusha, izakhiwo eziphakeme zokuzalwa kabusha ziqala ukuhlobisa imininingwane yokuhlobisa.
- Esikhathini semvuselelo sekwephuzile, umhlobiso wezakhiwo uya ngokuya ubunyona, ama-facades avame ukuhlotshiswa ngemifanekiso, namakholomu, amakholomu wesikhathi kanye nabashayeli bezindiza bagcwalisa isikhala.
Inkathi yeRenaissance ibizwa ngombala, ngoba bekukhona ngalesi sikhathi ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-majolica, izitini ezikhanyisiwe kanye ne-terracotta zaqala.
Indlu Yezemfundo (Florence), ithempulethi (iRoma) neRotonda Villa (Vicenza).
Enyakatho ye-Alps ngaphandle kwase-Italy yayinemvuselelo yayo esenyakatho. Izakhiwo zeRenaissance eFrance ngesimo zikhunjuzwa kakhulu izinhlaka zase-Italy, kepha zimbalwa kakhulu izakhiwo zenkolo ezenziwe kulesi sitayela, zigxile kakhulu ezinkampanini nasezigodlweni. Izinhlobonhlobo zeSpanish zokwakhiwa kabusha kweRenaissance kubhekwa njengezinhlelo, isici esiyinhloko sayo ukusetshenziswa okuningana kwemihlobiso echotshoziwe.
Castle Shamr neSonto laseSan Pablo.
Makungavumeli ngokucacile, kepha ukwakhiwa kweRenaissance kwathatha indawo yayo eCzech Republic. Kusukela kwi-Italian yokwakha, bathatha imininingwane embalwa yokuhlobisa, ikakhulukazi, bahlobisa ngentshiseko amakhekhe ekamu. Izakhiwo eziningi zakhiwa ngokuya ngamasiko asenyakatho. Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, iziqongo zezindlu eziningi zihlotshiswe ngamaFroniones wendabuko athunyelwayo (izingodo). Abakhi bamaJalimane wokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ngomoya wokuvuselelwa baphefumulelwa yindalo yezazi zezazi zezazi zezenkolo nabaculi. Kwamanye amadolobha aseJalimane, kwathuthukiswa isitayela esikhethekile - "Isimo sezulu Renaissance", esasihlanganisa ngokumangalisayo izici zeRenaissance zaseNyakatho nezeNtaliyane. Iphinde ibonakaliswe ngemilenze yokungena kanye kanye nenqwaba yama-erker balkhonies (lokhu kuyingxenye ebheke endizeni ye-facade, ecwebezele ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye).
ISchwarjerberg Palace ne-lysta House.
Faka enkulu
Maphakathi nekhulu le-XVI, isitayela se-baroque safika sizongena esikhundleni semvuselelo (ngakunye. Nge-Ital. - "Freaky"). Ngalesi sikhathi, abaklami bokuqala baqala ukunaka indlela ukukhanya okuvela ezintweni zabo kuzobonakala ngayo, yeka ukuthi izithunzi ziwa kanjani. Uma ukwakhiwa kweRenaissance kuqondile, kususelwa ku-geometry kanye ne-logic, khona-ke ukudalwa kwe-baroque kuthanda ukupenda kwawo (umhlobiso ocebile ngamabomu) kanye nokwenza amandla. Isitayela esisungulwe e-Italy. Ngokwesikhathi, kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokuqala (ukuphela kwe-xvi - ukuqala kwekhulu le-XVI) kanye nokuvuthiwe (30s xvii - ukuqala kwekhulu le-XVIII) Baroque. Uma kuqala amakhosi aqaphele umhlobiso, bese kamuva anikele ngokweqile. Isampula ekhanyayo yokwakhiwa kwe-baroque yokuqala - Isonto likaSt. Peter eRoma, sekwephuzile - iBasilica San Giovanni-In-Watano.
Ngibona i-baroque ekuphindwayo okuningi kwezingxenye ezifanayo (ngokwesibonelo, amakholomu amabili), amawindi nezicabha, usayizi wokukhulisa komuntu okudlula kakhulu, kanye nokuhlobisa okukhulu.ühl
ISt. Peter Cathedral (Rome) noBasilica San Giovanni-In-Watano (Rome).
ENgilandi, uBarochko akazange asakazeke, kodwa abambalwa ababakhi bezakhiwo ababesazothatha ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zaseBroloan baqondiswe amasiko ase-Italy. I-Baroque yokuqala e-Austria nayo yathola ithonya elinamandla labakhi bakwa-Italiya, kodwa ngesikhathi seBearoque ngasekupheleni kwazo kwakuyizici zabo. Isibonelo, ezinhlakeni eziningi zaleso sikhathi, i-rucalitis ephakathi nendawo (ingxenye yesakhiwo, ikhipha umugqa we-facade), yabelwa.
I-Castle Howard ne-Palace Trauton.
Ukukhumbula
Lesi siqondiso sasigxile kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwakudala. Ukucaciswa kokwakheka, ukuvumelanisa kanye nokucaciswa kwamafomu, ukuqina, ukuvinjwa komhlobiso wokuhlobisa konke kuvela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zezakhiwo ze-classic. Isibonelo esidumile sokwakhiwa kwakudala - isonto lesonto le-Decued House eParis. E-Epoch of late classism eFrance, isitayela se-amprir siyavela, noma isitayela sombuso. Kuboniswa ukushaya ngamabomu kokubili ekwakhiweni komhlobiso wangaphandle kanye nomhlobiso ongaphakathi. Amakholomu, abashayeli bezindiza, okuqukethwe okushiwo ngokwezempi ekuhlobiseni - konke lokhu kungatholakala ku-amp. I-Arc Truumhal Arch eParis - isiqinisekiso esicacile kakhulu salokhu.
Isonto leNdlu ye-CIED kanye ne-arch ye-triumhal (Paris).
Njengengxenye ye-English Classicism, izinkomba ezi-3 zabelwe: I-Palladianism, isitayela se-DAHrian kanye nesitayela se-rocket. Esikhathini sokuqala, ithonya elisobala lokwakhiwa kweGrisi yasendulo neRoma kulandelwa. Isikhathi sesibili singatholakala ekulinganiseni okuqinisekisiwe kwezakhiwo, iminyango ye-inlet emnyama, izakhiwo zalesi sikhathi zakhiwa ikakhulukazi izitini. Yebo, isitayela se-rocket simelelwa ngezakhiwo, sibalwa simhlophe, iminyango yazo ihlanganiswa ngamakholomu, kuvame ukuba amakhaleli abiwe. I-Classical ifinyelele e-USA ngesimo sePalladianism. Lapho eNgilandi, lesi sitayela sesisehla, eMelika wathola impilo yesibili (i-White House eWashington). E-Russia, iSigodlo seSenate eMoscow Kremlin sithathwa njengesinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu ze-classicia. Isakhiwo esinezitezi ezintathu sibonakaliswa yi-Confiseness kanye neZindlela Zasendulo Zobuciko Basendulo.
I-Picford House Museum, iWhite House kanye nesiGala Sate Senate.
-Amamuhla
Isitayela sokwakha sanamuhla sakhiwe eYurophu. Kuboniswa ukwenqaba kwama-angles aqondile, ukuvumelanisa, kanye nokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwezinto ezintsha zokwakha (i-lwensimbi eqinisiwe, insimbi, ingilazi). EFrance, enye yezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ezenziwa kule stylist kubhekwa njengendlu ye-lavirott ku-29 Avenue Rapp. Lesi sakhiwo sesiye saba ngowokuqala eYurophu, uphawu lwabo lwahlotshiswa ngesikhatho esikhazimulayo. Ekhanda lesimanjemanje, u-Antonio Gaudi waba. Mhlawumbe ungasho ukuthi uye waqamba ngisho nesitayela sakhe. Indalo yakhe iphefumulelwe ngamafomu emvelo, futhi ukupenda kwabo kuyamangalisa.
Phakathi kwezindaba ze-anecdical, ngobuningi bakwaGaudi abatshele ngoGaudi mayelana neGaudi, kukhona okulandelayo: Omunye ubuza umakhi ukuthi athuthukise entsha, ngokungafani nohlobo olukhona lwe-juudi, uGaudi aphendula ngalo. " Kungakhathalekile iqiniso lendaba, ukhombisa ngokunembile umkhuba wokuhamba umkhuba wokuhamba nge-masse, ungesabi ukumangala. Bassegod Juan UNonel
I-Lavirotta House ku-29 Avenue Rapp kanye neCasa-Batlio.
ESweden, eNorway, eFinland naseLatvia kwathola ukusakazeka kwesimanjemanje. Kuyinto evamile ebushelelekile kanye nokuhlutheka kwamafomu, noma kunjalo, ngokungafani nobuchwepheshe bamanye amazwe aseYurophu, kunzima ukuthola ama-facade ahlotshiswe kakhulu futhi aqhakaze. I-Riga ingenye yamadolobha anokuhlushwa okuphakeme kakhulu kwezakhiwo zanamuhla emhlabeni. I-Riga yesimanje ivezwa kakhulu izakhiwo zamafulethi amaningi.
I-Finnish National Theatre nokwakhiwa kwango-1902 ukwakha iphrojekthi yeKonstantin Pexense.
I-Postmodernism
Izimbali zokwakhiwa kwe-postmodern kwaqhamuka ngeminyaka yama-1980. Ngokungafani nesimanjemanje, okuphika bonke abakhi besikhathi esedlule, abakhi be-postmodern, kunalokho, kwizifundo futhi basebenzise ngenkuthalo izinto zezitayela ezindala. Bayenqaba ophahleni oluyisicaba, hlonipha inani, izakhiwo zibonakala ngesithombe futhi zivame ukuqukethe izinkomba ezakhiweni ezithile zomlando. Ukwakheka okusakazekile kwe-postmodernism okutholwe e-USA. Uphawu lwalesi siqondiso lwaluwumsebenzi kaRobert Venturi - indlu yokugeza yaseVenturi, eyayakhela umama wayo. Isazi-mlando sobuciko uVincent Scury sambiza ngokuthi yisakhiwo esikhulu kunazo zonke sengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-XX. Eqinisweni, le ndlu incane - kunamakamelo ama-5 kuphela kuwo, noma kunjalo, ngenxa ye-popade ebanzi kubonakala sengathi isilinganiswa esikhulu kakhulu. Usebenze ngokuzimisela kulolu hlelo futhi uCharles Moore, owaphefumulelwa yizibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zokwakhiwa kweRenalista yase-Italy kanye ne-antiquer yase-Italy, waba ngumlobi wesikwele sase-Italy eNew Orleans.
I-Ventiri Bath House (Philadelphia) ne-Italy Square (New Orleans).
Ngentshisakalo enkulu, i-postmodernism yabonakala eJapan. Lapho, lesi siqondiso sesiphenduke umfutho wezixazululo zezakhiwo ezinesibindi, futhi abanye baze bathi eJapan akuyona i-postmodernnism nhlobo, kodwa izivivinyo ezihlukaniswe zabakhi. Ngokubambezeleka okuncane, kepha ngemuva kwakho konke, i-postmodernism yaboniswa ePoland. Ekuqaleni, kulesi sitayela, kwakukhona imininingwane ehlukile, bese izakhiwo zonke. Akunjalo kudala, izakhiwo eziyi-17 zangemva kokukhonkolo e-UK zithole isimo sombuso ovikelwe. Kulesi sitayela, izakhiwo zokuhlala, izitolo kanye nezikhungo zasehhovisi zakhiwa. Okwe-English PostmoderNernism, ukuhlanekezela kwezilinganiso kubonakaliswa futhi ngasikhathi sinye kulandela amasiko amadala wokwakha.
I-Art tower Mito, ijika le-House kanye ne-Senessbury Wing eLondon National Gallery.
Yiziphi izitayela zokwakha osondelene nazo? Noma mhlawumbe waze wabona noma yiziphi zalezi zinhlaka ezingenhla?