Ngonyaka odlule, saqala ukukhipha izinto ngezinqubomgomo zabantu emazweni ahlukahlukene. Umbhalo wokuqala walolu chungechunge wawunikelwa ekuhlolweni okudumile kwaseChinese "umndeni owodwa - umntwana owodwa".
Into yesibili ihlaziye ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela ze-zigzag zenqubomgomo yomndeni e-Iran. Namuhla sikhuluma ngendlela amalungelo okuzala ezakhamizi anqunyelwe eNdiya - inani lesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni.
Iqiniso lokuthi i-India idingekile ngandlela thile ukunqanda ukukhula kwabantu, osopolitiki bakhulume emuva ngawo-1920s. Ubuphofu, ukuntuleka kwezinsizakusebenza kanye nokuntuleka kohlelo lokunakekelwa kwempilo oluthuthukisiwe nobishile, kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi lo mbuso ungowokuqala kwamazwe asathuthuka anquma ngokusemthethweni inqubomgomo yokuzala ngo-1952 (yize isibalo sezepolitiki esidumile saseNdiya Mahatma Gandhi Wayehlale edlalwa ngokumelene nokulawulwa kombuso wamalungelo okuzala, kepha wabulawa ngo-1948).
Omunye wabathumeli wale mfundiso yezombusazwe kwakuyisitatimende sokuthi umndeni ngamunye unelungelo lokunquma ukuthi zingaki izingane ezizobe zikulo. Njengendlela yokuvimbela inzalo, indlela yekhalenda yanconywa ngasese (okuthi, njengoba sazi namuhla, akuveli kahle kakhulu, kepha ayikho enye imali).
Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kamuva, ubuciko obunzima be-artillery bayahamba. Izwe laqala ukuthola imali yokwakheka kwezinqubomgomo zokuzala ezivela "kozakwethu bezinye izizwe - ithonya leFord Foundation laliyindima ekhethekile.
Ngo-1976, uNdunankulu waseNdiya, u-Indita Gandhi, wathi uMbuso kufanele wehlise izinga lokuzalwa nganoma iyiphi indlela - nokuthi ngenxa yokusindisa isizwe kungakhawulela abantu ngamalungelo abo. Ngenxa yalokho, amadoda ayizigidi eziyi-6.5 ama-Indian aphoqelelwe i-vasectomy.
Cabanga nje: Ebusuku, bangena endlini ebusuku, bakusonte ekushaqekile bese niphatha indlela engaqondakali esikhungweni sokusebenza esihlomele kahle.
Ngokwenguqulo esemthethweni, i-Vasectomy kufanele ifakwe kuphela amadoda asevele abe obaba okungenani izingane ezimbili, kodwa empeleni, lo mkhuba wokujezisa usetshenziselwe izinsizwa ezingenamsebenzi ezaziphikisa ukubukwa kwezepolitiki. Uhlelo oluphoqelele i-vasectomy laphoqa izakhamizi eziningi ukuthi ziyeke ukusekela izifundo zezepolitiki zaseGandhi. Usopolitiki wanquma ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokushintshela kwabesifazane ukunquma ukukhula kwabantu.
Ngenxa yalokho, abesifazane abaningi babhajwe: Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMbuso wazilengile phezu kwabo ngohlelo lwabo lokuzibulala inzalo, ngakolunye uhlangothi ukuyeka ingcindezi yomndeni, kwakudingeka babe nokuthile okufanele bazale iNdodana. Izingane zesifazane, njengoba kwenzeka kaningi emphakathini wendabuko, bezingabhekwanga kakhulu kubantu.Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970s, inqwaba yemitholampilo yokuhlela emshadweni yavulwa eNdiya - Abesifazane babona lapha abangathanda ukuphazamisa ukukhulelwa, kanye nabo bonke abesifazane ababezimisele ukudlula inzalo noma ukufaka i-intrauterine Sheriting. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane bebenolwazi kahle kakhulu ngemiphumela emibi, benqabile ukususa ama-sorane, uma ngasizathu simbe baletha ukungakhululeki kowesifazane - okuholela ekutheni abaningi baye bazama ukukhipha imiklamo ye-intrauterine ngezindlela ezifanele futhi wasebenzisa ukulimala okwengeziwe empilweni yabo.
Amaphosta aqala ukuvela emigwaqweni: "Umndeni ojabulayo uwumndeni omncane."
Izinhloso zezombusazwe zokuzala ezisungulwe kule minyaka emihlanu ka-1985-1990 zazinjalo: abilayo okungenani abesifazane abangama-31 abayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingama-31 futhi basungule i-intrauterine spiral kwezinye izigidi ezingama-25.
Lezi zinqubo zibanjelwe, ake sithi ngokuzithandela nokuphoqelela: Abesifazane abazange basuse endlini ebusuku futhi bengayiswa ekusebenzeni, kodwa bathambekele kulezi zinqubo, bathola ingcebo yezimali ye ukudlula inzalo.
Ngomkhankaso omkhulu kangaka wezwe lonke ezweni, kwethulwa amakamu akhethekile wokunyusa izinhlanzi, lapho kuqedwe i-antisanitaria ephelele (futhi avinjelwe kuphela ngonyaka we-2016).
Imvamisa, abesifazane baqoqwa nje emaHholo OMhlangano ezikole, baphoqwa ukuba baye phansi, bese kuba khona udokotela we-gynecologist ehholo futhi wasebenzisa inzalo yabo.
USarita Barpanda, isishoshovu senhlangano eyodwa yamalungelo abantu, engeza ukuthi abanye abasebenza ngama-gynecologilogists abanawo ngisho namathuluzi akhethekile okusebenzisa inzalo futhi baphoqeleka ukuthi basebenzise amaphampu wokuhamba ngokusebenza (omunye umuntu acabanga ukuthi isihogo usezulwini, hhayi emhlabeni). Ezindabeni ezivame ukudluliselwa ngokufa kwabesifazane ngemuva kokudlula inzalo ezimweni ezingekho emthethweni - inselelo yabesifazane abangu-15 enyakatho yeChhattarcha yaba uphawu.
Ngo-1991, umqondisi uDizya Dunray ukhiphe incwadi ephathelene nokubulawa inzalo kwabesifazane eNdiya ebizwa ngokuthi "kubukeka njengempi." Bukela kunzima kakhulu: Kwamafreyimu athile sibona ukuthi abesifazane bawela kanjani ekusebenzeni ehholo eligcwele abantu, futhi esikhundleni sama-painkiller, othile ovela kuphele mane ubanikeze isikhathi esibi kakhulu ukuluma isandla sabo. Futhi kumafreyimu alandelayo, i-gynecologist isho ngokuziqhenya ngokuthi ichithe imizuzu engama-45 ngomthetho wokuphila kwaleyo empilweni yakhe, futhi manje yenza imizuzwana engama-45.
I-heroine yefilimu, eyaxoxwa ngayo nge-Darray, yaxoxa ngobuqotho ngokuthi impilo yabo isishintshe kanjani ngemuva kokufika kokuya esikhathini: "Uma sinezikhathi zanyanga zonke, sithola amandla amangalisayo - amandla okubeletha ingane. Awekho amadoda alo mandla. Ngakho-ke, baqhamuka nakho konke lokhu kunqatshelwa: Ungathinti ngesikhathi sokuya esikhathini, ungathinti okuthile, ungafiki ekhishini. "
Elinye i-heroine elahlekelwe yizingane ezine phakathi nempilo ithi: "Izingane ziyinsiza yethu eyinhloko, asinayo enye ingcebo." Noma ngubani ohlala ebuphofini awunakuqiniseka ukuthi izingane zabo zizophila iminyaka yobudala - ukuze unakekele usizo lwezokwelapha zivame ukuba nje zilahlekelwe yimali. Ngakho-ke, abesifazane bafuna ukubeletha kaninginingi, ngethemba lokuthi okungenani othile ovela ezinganeni ukhula futhi angabasiza.
Namuhla, izinqubomgomo zokuzala eNdiya ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ezifundeni ezihlukile. Eminye imibuso yamaNdiya yamukela imingcele futhi ivumele imindeni ukuba ibe nezingane ezimbili kuphela (okuvame ukuholela ekuqondeni izisu ezikhethiwe, uma lo mbhangqwana uthola ukuthi intombazane ilindile), futhi bonke abanezingane ezingaphezu kwezimbili abavunyelwe kwinkonzo yomphakathi.
Ukungasebenzisi izindlela zokulawula okunobuntu kakhulu, I-India yakwazi ngempela ukufezekisa izibalo: Uma ngo-1966 lona wesifazane wazalwa ngo-2009, kanti njengamanje lesi sibalo sawela ku-2.7, noma okwamanje Umehluko omkhulu osuka esimweni esisesimweni). Ilitshe le-2025 ukuletha isilinganiso sokuzala ku-2.1. Inani lentengo? Inzalo yabesifazane isalokhu iyindlela ejwayelekile yokuvimbela inzalo ezweni.
Ngokusho kwenhlangano yobumfihlo yamazwe omhlaba, inkinga enkulu kwinqubomgomo ye-India ye-India ukuntuleka kwemfundo eyanele yezocansi (ama-25% kuphela wabantu abavakashela amanye amakilasi anjalo).
Lapho uxhumana nokuhlelwa komndeni ophethwe nguhulumeni, abesifazane nabesilisa banikeza izindlela zaphakade zokuvimbela inzalo. Akekho ochaza ukuthi eMhlabeni Wanamuhla kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuvikelwa ukuthi indlela ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo nokubi. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuvela ukuthi imindeni namanje iphoqelelwa ukuthi inqume ukuthi ngubani ovuselayo ozothunyelwa ukubulawa inzalo noma i-vasectomy. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, i-vasectomy inokuba lubunjiwe ezweni ngemuva kwenkambo yezepolitiki i-Indira Gandhi futhi amadoda amaningi asenqaba le nqubo, ngoba bakholelwa ukuthi bazolahlekelwa ubudoda babo.
Ngakho-ke, abesifazane bavame ukuthunyelwa ekusebenzeni. Futhi nokho, I-Offer International International ibona ukukhanya ekugcineni komhubhe: Ngenxa yokusakazwa kobuchwepheshe bedijithali, kube nethuba lokuthi imininingwane mayelana nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuvimbela inzalo isazodluliselwa kubantu, ngisho nasezindaweni ezimpofu kakhulu we bafowethu.
Yenziwe eNdiya: I-boom yokuhweba okuthengiswayo kwe-surceate kanye nokuvinjelwa kwakhe
Esinye isihloko esibuhlungu emlandweni wenqubomgomo yokuzala eNdiya kwakuwukuluba okuthengiswayo kwezentengiselwano, isikhathi eside asilawulwa ngumthetho. Izokuvakasha ezithandwa kakhulu ze-surrogate kuleli lizwe zaba ngama-2000s emibhangqwana engenazingane evela eNyakatho Melika naseNtshonalanga Yurophu.
Inqubo ngokwayo yayishibhile kakhulu kunakwamanye amazwe, futhi ama-ejensi ase-Indian surrogate aqala ukuvela njengamakhowe. Imvamisa, abaphathi bakhohliswe amakhasimende abo asentshonalanga, bekhuluma ukuthi umama o-surrogate uzothola "umsebenzi" wabo obaluleke kakhulu, futhi eqinisweni, ngenxa yokuthola ingane eyizinkulungwane ezimbili. Imininingwane efanayo inemininingwane efanelekile "eyenziwe eNdiya" Rebecca Hirovitz naseVaisali Singh.
Izinhlangano eziningi zamalungelo abantu zadonsela ukunaka ezinkingeni ze-surrogate maternity eNdiya: amacala ayaziwa ukuthi uma omama base-surrogate bashonile ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ngoba babenganikezwa ukunakekelwa okufanele kwezokwelapha. Ezindabeni, futhi lokho kwavela amaheda mayelana namapulazi ase-surrogate - imitholampilo yokuzala, eyayikhiywe ngomama abasebenza nge-surrogate ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sonke isikhathi sokukhulelwa kuze kube isikhathi sokukhulelwa kuze kube isikhathi sokukhulelwa. Izinkinga zezomthetho ngokuthumelana kwezingane ezisanda kuzalwa nazo zingafani.
Ukugxekwa kwamanye amazwe naphakathi kwangaphakathi kwandisiwe, futhi ngenxa yalokho ku-2015, Ukuba ngumama okuthengiswayo kwezentengiselwano kwenqatshelwe ngokuphelele ngumthetho. Ngo-2016, imithetho yashintsha kancane futhi: imibhangqwana eshadile eshadayo evela eNdiya, ehlangana iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu ivunyelwe ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bomama be-alrogate surrogate. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, le nqubo yavunyelwa ukwenza abesifazane abanesizungu abangathanda ukuba nezingane, kepha abakwazi ukwenza lokhu kumarekhodi ezokwelapha.
Ngokuqondene nokuba ngumama oku-surrogate ngempela, kunzima ukusho ukuthi: Akunakwenzeka ukukhipha ngokuphelele lelo thuba umama we-surrogate adluliswa emvilophini. Kepha ukuxhashazwa kwesisindo sabesifazane baseNdiya njengemishini yokukhiqiza izingane ngemibhangqwana engenazingane kwazo ezingane ezingenamntwana eyayivela emazweni athuthukile namanje yamisa.
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