Ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari, i-Deutsche Bank yabelwa ama- $ 192,5 million amabhange ama-Uzbek amabili - I-Xalq Bank kanye ne-ASAKA.
Kuyathakazelisa, kepha-ke, kungenzeka kungabi yisivumelwano uqobo, kepha lokho kuphawula lapho iBhange LaseJalimane linikeze ikhambi lalo:
Khrushchev, Gorbachev, KosyginNgakho-ke, imalimboleko yamanje yamabhange ase-Uzbek isiphenduke isilonda somlando omude wezepolitiki, lapho kushona uMongameli we-Uzbekistan Islam Charia, futhi indawo yakhe yathathwa nguShavkat Mirishiniyev, ngaphambi kukaNdunankulu wezwe , futhi ngisho ekuqaleni - hokim (umbusi) wesifunda saseSamukand. Ubaba womongameli wamanje wayengudokotela kanye nenhloko yesifunda sokuhlukumeza isigubhu, inhloko yesimo nguNjiniyela futhi aqala umsebenzi wakhe nomcwaningi wezolimo e-Tashkent, lapho ezasebenza khona izimo zezolimo, lapho eza eSoviet uSolwazi kanye nePhini-Umsebenzi Wezemfundo. Kwezepolitiki, inhloko yombuso yesikhathi esizayo yahamba ngemuva konyaka we-1990 kuphela.
Ibhodi leShavkat Mirziyev laqala ngokuguqulwa okuphelele okuvele kukwazi ukuqhathanisa neKhrushchev Thaw, kanye ne-pertestroika kaGorbachev. Kunzima ukusho ngezinguquko ngamafuphi, njengoba bemboza ngokweqiniso yonke imikhakha yempilo - kusukela ekukhululeni kweziboshwa zejele ngaphambi kokwethulwa kwemisebenzi yomphakathi, izinguquko zeposi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo kanye nebutho. By the way, ukuhunyushwa kolimi lwe-Uzbek oluya eLatin kwaqala. Uthuli lweShavkat uMirziyev lwahlolwa ngisho nalolu "Lobukeli lwangaphandle" njengoMongameli waseBelarus Alexandenko, owaqala ngo-Febhuwari osebenza naye wase-Uzbek:
Owayengumongameli waseKyrgyzstan Oscar Akayev kwesinye sezingxoxo zakhe zeShkolkat Mirziyev:
U-Akayev waze washo ukuthi uMongameli MilisSiyev:
Susa ukotini ngaphandle kwabahlengikaziEzolimo zeRiphabhulikhi, kwaqala ukuqeda izinsalela zeSoviet (futhi ngasikhathi sinye zemiyalo ye-feudal), okwakungukuthi izwe lonke lingelombuso, abalimi abalimi bathola kuye umbuso Oda ngokuhlinzekwa kwamavolumu athile kakotini nokusanhlamvu, kanye nezakhamizi eziningi, kubandakanya nezingane, ezihlanganiswe ngenkani ukuze zihlanze ukotini. Umsebenzi ophoqelelwe wabangela izikhalazo eziningi phesheya, ngisho nemizamo yokuqokwa kwekotini ye-Uzbek yenziwa eNtshonalanga, kepha manje ukusetshenziswa kwezabasebenzi zakwamanye amazwe kwaqala ukwehla: Ngokwenhlangano yamazwe omhlaba, ngo-96% wabasebenzi ngo-2020 basebenza ngokukhululeka, Isethi ehlelekile yabafundi, othisha, odokotela kanye nabahlengikazi bayeka ngokuphelele, isabelo sabakhi bekotini abaphoqelekile ukuthi basebenze sasiphansi kwango-33%.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuthengwa kwangasese komhlaba kwavalwa ekugcineni e-Uzbekistan. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ngo-2020 kwezolimo yeRiphabhulikhi uhlelo lwe-oda lombuso lwakhanselwa okokuqala. Manje abalimi bathole ithuba lokuthengisa imikhiqizo lapho bafuna khona, kepha akusho njalo inkululeko kubalimi, ngoba izifundo ezintsha zivele emkhakheni wezolimo wezwe - okuthiwa. "Amaqoqo", empeleni ama-agro-izinkampani, akhelwe azungeze amabhizinisi (ikakhulukazi, amaqoqo ekotini azungeze izindwangu). Ingxenye yomhlaba womlimi waya kumaqoqo, futhi kwezinye izindawo azikho indawo yabalimi abasekupheleni kwezivumelwano ngokuphetha, ngoba empeleni bangabathengi bemikhiqizo yezolimo.
Inani lenkululekoEnye indlela, umnotho uya emijalini yemakethe eyengeziwe. Ngo-Okthoba 2020, uMongameli wase-Uzbekistan wasayina isimemezelo ngokusheshisa kwemvelo yangasese, futhi inani lezimpahla ezingama-62 ezivezwe yizinhlangano ezi-6 ezifakiwe, izitshalo ezingama-4 zamakhemikhali, izitshalo ezi-4 zeselula, izitshalo ezikwenza amawayini ewayinini, njll. Kwakunomyalezo wokuthi iphakethe lamasheya wesitshalo se-teshkent semiconductor "Photon" funa ukunikela abatshalizimali baseRussia.
Kunesinguquko sentela yesikhathi eside; Amanani entela entela asevele ancishisiwe: Intela engenayo - kusuka ku-14% kuya ku-12%, intela yempahla - kusuka ku-5% kuya ku-2%, iziphathimandla ziye zashiya izinga eliphansi le-12%, elilodwa Inkokhelo yezenhlalo yawela kusuka ku-25% kuze kube ngu-12%.
Ekugcineni, u-Uzbekistan waqala ukuvula umnotho wawo. Esikhathini esifaneleko, ubudlelwano nabamakhelwane abaseduze bathuthukiswa. Uzbekistan ufake njengombukeli e-Eaeu. Imakethe yemali ibikiwe ngokomthetho (ngaphambi kokuba imali yemakethe ithengiwe ezweni kuphela "kusuka ngaphansi phansi"), inani labantu lavunyelwa ukushiya kwelinye izwe ngaphandle kwama-visa. Imikhawulo kanye nemikhosi yokuhweba kwangaphandle kwakhanselwa. Abeluleki abavela eJalimane, eTurkey, iSouth Korea bamenyelwa kuhulumeni; Esikhathini esifanayo, izingxoxo zaqala ngabatshalizimali abakhulu bakwamanye amazwe.
Yimiphi imiphumela yezomnotho yazo zonke lezi zinguquko?
Okungenani, izibalo zokukhula komnotho zibonisa ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva, i-Uzbekistan iyizwe elikhula ngokushesha kakhulu le-CIS.
Ukukhuphuka kwe-GDP,%
4.5 I-UkReisan 2.5 5.5 I-Russia 2.5Umthombo: Ibhange Lomhlaba
Enkombeni yokukhanya yebhizinisi leBhange Lomhlaba kule minyaka engu-5 edlule, i-Uzbekistan ivukile kusuka endaweni engama-85 yabangu-69. Ekupheleni kuka-2019, umagazini i-Economist wabona i-Uzbekistan yonyaka wonyaka, okukhombisa ukuthi izwe eliphakathi lase-Asia lenza "ukugxuma kwekhwalithi ephezulu ekuthuthukisweni kobushiqela bezezimali kwangemva kokuzalwa kwale Isizwe esisha sihlanganisa ngokushesha emnothweni wezwe. "
Ukutholwa kwemakethe ngokwemvelo kwaholela ekwandeni kokungenisa okungenisa ezweni, ngoba kuze kube ngu-2017, i-Uzbekistan, izintela ezahlukahlukene nezindlela zokuthethelela, empeleni zivikele imakethe yasekhaya ekungenisweni kwezinto ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu. Ngemuva kokuthi imikhawulo yaqala ukususwa, umthamo wokungenisa imali iminyaka emi-3 (2017-2019) inyuke isuka ku- $ 12 billion kuya ku- $ 22 billion (ngaphandle ngenxa kangasiwe kangako 15 billion). Ngokusho kwe-Uzbek Central Bank, ngo-2018-2020. Isabelo sokungenisa ngaphakathi kokusetshenziswa okuhlangenwe nakho kokusetshenziswa kusuka ku-48% kuya ku-63%. Ukusuka eLibelizalization of Uzbek Exports, ngendlela, iRussia, ngokwesibonelo, iwina yiRussia, ngo-2020, iRussia yathumela imikhiqizo yokudla e-Uzbekistan ngama- $ 689 million - cishe ama-1.5 angena Abathengi abane ngobukhulu bamafutha elanga laseRussia (kanye neChina, eTurkey ne-India).
Ngasikhathi sinye, kwaqala ukugcwala kwesikweletu ezweni, ngokwengxenye echaza ngesidingo sokufaka imali ngokungeniswa kwemali. Kungakho amabhange e-Uzbek nawo akhanga ngezimali eDeutsche Bank.
Umlawuli we-Uzbek - Ukulandela umlingani waseRussia - kwaqala ukucabanga ngenkinga yokukhula emthwalweni wesikweletu wabantu. Ikakhulu njengoba izinguquko zemakethe zifaka phakathi okungathandeki phakathi kwezakhamizi ezijwayelekile, njengoba ukuqedwa koxhaso lukahulumeni lwemikhiqizo ebalulekile - isinkwa namafutha ekotini.
Dinga imaliUkukhulisa ukuboleka, isidingo sokuxhasa ngezimali izinguquko zezezimali sandise isidingo sezwe semalimboleko yangaphandle - futhi sisebenziseka kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwedumela le-Uzbekistan emehlweni ezinhlangano zamazwe aphesheya. NgoNovemba 2017, ihhovisi le-EBRD lavulwa eTashkent, elalinikeza izwe elingu- $ 120 million. Ibhange le-Asia liyizigidi ezingama- $ 573 ngonyaka ka-2019-2020 livumele imalimboleko yama- $ 500 million . I-European Union yadalwa. Usizo lwezomnotho ku-Uzbekistan nge-Euros angama-168 wezigidi ezingama-16, ngenxa yokuthi izimali ezihlangene ezingama-25, ngenxa yokuthi izimali ezihlanganisiwe emkhakheni wezimboni, amabhizinisi, ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi, ezemfundo, imvelo yezepolilo yezemvelo yenziwa. Manje i-Uzbekistan kanye neBhange Lomhlaba lithuthukisa uhlelo lokubambisana kuze kube ngu-2026. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngonyaka owedlule u-Uzbekistan uthole imali engaphezu kwe- $ 1 billion ngesimo semalimboleko esivela ebhange lomhlaba, iBhange Lentuthuko yase-Asia kanye nesikhwama sezimali samazwe omhlaba ukulwa neCoronavirus.
Konke lokhu kuholele ekutheni izwe laqala ukukhulisa isikweletu sangaphandle. Kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-Okthoba 1, 2020, isikweletu sangaphandle sezwe sicishe saphindwe kabili, sakhula sisuka kuma- $ 17 billion kuya ku- $ 29 billion - ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesikweletu sangaphandle, ngaphezulu ngenxa ye-40% ye-GDP. Ngasikhathi sinye, isikweletu somphakathi ngo-2020 sanda sisuka ku-29% saya kuma-36% we-GDP. Isabelomali sezwe sinephutha - futhi ukusilela kugcinwa ezingeni le-4% ye-GDP.
Kuze kube manje, imali e-Uzbek inezinqolobane zamandla, futhi kufanelekile ngethemba lokuthi izwe lizonqoba bonke ubunzima. I-pandemic hit Uzbekistan nakuwo wonke: amanani okukhula kwe-GDP, alinganiselwa ku-Economist, awela ku-0.7% ngo-2020. Kepha kunethemba lokuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-Uzbek kuzoba yisikhumbuzo namanye amazwe omhlaba ngesidingo sezinguquko.
Kuthunyelwe ngu: Konstantin Frumnkun