Namuhla ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, kwabezindaba, emaphephandabeni ngokuvamile, izindatshana zivela esimweni sezinto ezibonakalayo zeSonto LaseRussia Orthodox. Umbuzo wokuthi ibandla liyimali nokuthi badinga kaningi emlandweni waseRussia.
Izindlalifa sergius radoyezhsky
Ngokokuqala ngqa nalo lonke ubukhali, le nkinga esontweni laseRussia yaphawula emakhulwini amahlanu edlule, lapho izikhundla ezimbili ezingafani zabalandeli bakaSt. Sergius kaSt Sergius zashayisana eCathedral of 1503, okuxakwa ngokumangazayo umsebenzi ngokucabanga.
Abasekeli be-Abbot of the SavolzshSkaya bathula ugwadule uNayile Babizwa ngokujwayelekile ngokuthi "abangabamiki." Esinye isikhundla sasinamathelwa kumholi 'wamalunga' uJoseph Volootsky, owayekholelwa ukuthi isonto kufanele liqine ezintweni eziphilayo nangokwezezimali.
UNeil Sorovsky ungowokufundelana noGenus Onble Mikey, umsunguli wawo kwakungu-Andrei Maiko, omunye we-seruns evelele. Ikusasa lalingcwele lazalwa ngonyaka we-1433 eMoscow nasebhapathizo laziswa uNikolai. Wayefundeka kakhulu umuntu ngesikhathi sakhe, futhi wahlanganyela ezincwadini zokubhala kabusha. Cishe maphakathi nawo-1450s, uNikolai wamukelwa ngegama ngegama elithi Nale esigodini esidumile saseKirillo-Belozersky Monastery. Lapha, le nsizwa yaqhubeka nokuhlanganyela encwadini yezobuciko, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho yangeniswa esinqumweni sezinkinga zezomnotho.
Ngemuva kwengxenye yengxenye yekhulu leminyaka, kanye nabafokazi, wenza uhambo olude lokuya ezweni elingcwele, eTsargrad nase-Athos, lapho afunda khona kahle izindaba zokuhlela impilo yemali. Ukubuyela ezweni laseMotherland, uNeil wasungula i-skit eduze kweKirillov yesigodlo sezindela, kamuva ezaphenduka ugwadule lwaseNilo-Sky. Waba umphikisi ongaguquki wangawona kuphela ubunikazi babantu bezezimali, kodwa futhi nezinto ezenzelwe kakhulu.
UJoseph Volootsky (Ivan Sanin) wazalelwa emndenini omuhle ngo-1439. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili, wamukela ukuma kwalesi sikhathi, futhi wachitha iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili esigodini saseBorovsky ngaphansi kobuholi bukaHegumen Pafnutia, wathatha ngemuva kokufa kwe-abbot. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, wasungula isigodlo sakhe sikaJosePho-Volokolamsky. Phambilini, wavakashela abaningi abahlala ngaphansi koMbutho wemali engabizi, enikele kulo nyaka, bese kuthi izici ezinhle kakhulu ezihlanganiswe ngokwakhe.
E-VolsSky Monastery kwakukhona i-hostel charter, kwathatha ukusetshenziswa okuqinile kweziko iziko, kwakungekho impahla yomuntu siqu - noma izingubo nokudla kwakuyinto evamile. Naphezu kobunzima bemiyalo, lapha ababayo kanye nalabo bantu bezentengiselwano bathathwe ngentshiseko lapha, okwaba nomthelela ekukhuphukeni kwengcebo yesigodlo sezindela, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka eyisithupha kwakune-Icon Parter kaDionysius.
Cathedral iminyaka engu-1503
Ngokungafani neNayile (Majkova), okulungile okwakuyiqembu elincane lamakamelo omkhuleko, kuhlanganiswe eduze nalesi sivumelwano sothando, uJoseph (Sanina) kwakuyinto eqondiswe empini engokomoya elwa nesono ngaphansi kokuholwa yisono ngaphansi kokuholwa yisono ngaphansi kokuholwa yisono ngaphansi kokuholwa yisono ngaphansi kokuholwa yisono ngaphansi kokuholwa yisono ngaphansi kokuholwa yisono ngaphansi kokuholwa yisono ngaphansi kwesihokiso UHegimen. Ukuqoqwa kwengcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo esigodlweni sezindela uJoseph Vollootsky akuzange kubheke ububi, ukukholwa lokho, kuncike emkhosini we-ascetic uqobo, banikela ekuqinisweni kwegunya lebandla.
Ingxabano evulekile yabamele yokugeleza okubili yenzeka eCathedral of 1503. Futhi owokuqala, kanti owesibili wahlaselwa ekulahlisweni kokuthobela wena uqobo emvelweni yesonto. Ngasikhathi sinye, "ama-incubeses" anxuse izindela ukuba zishise yonke impahla nomhlaba, zidlulisele kuMgcinimafa woMbuso.
Abasekeli bamalunga "amalunga" bavikele ilungelo lempahla enobuntu, baphikisana nokuthi isonto elicebile lalingenza imisebenzi enomusa emphakathini, kanye, uma kunesidingo, sekela umbuso wombuso. Ngamafuphi, uJoseph Volootsky wayeyindoda ecabanga ngohulumeni, eyayikholelwa ukuthi wonke umnotho waseRussia wawusizo ukuhlela iphethini eyisampula yesonto-monastic.
Imiphumela yengxabano
Ingxabano phakathi kwabasekeli bakaJoseph Volootsky futhi iNayile yeSorovsky yaqubuka, ngokuxoxa ngenkinga yokuthi ibandla okufanele libe maqondana noMbuso. Kokubili kokuqala nokwesibili, faka amamodeli aphelele aphelele."Ama-EasyStants" abona umthandazo wakhe ngokweqile, angazibandakanyi kunoma yimiphi imigomo yomhlaba. Babekholelwa ukuthi yisontweni elinjalo kuphela elingaba negunya kuzo zonke izingqimba zomphakathi futhi bahole eRussia phambili ezinhlamvwini eziphakeme.
"Amashaja" afanekisela inhlangano yesonto emi yemilenze enempahla ebalulekile, futhi ngenxa yalokho izimele ngamandla. Esontweni elinjalo, isimo sengqondo somkhuleko ngokulalela sihlanganisiwe. Ekugcineni, kungaba amandla angokomoya nokwakha eRussia.
Ngubani onqobile?
Ngokusemthethweni, imodeli ehlongozwa nguJoseph Voltsky yamukelwa eCathedral of 1503. Kodwa-ke, ukucabanga ngenqubo entuthukweni yomlando kungalinganiselwa ngendlela ehlukile. Kukholelwa ukuthi uNayile Sorovsky noJoseph Volootsky balahlekile. UNeil washona ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu isiphelo seCathedral, futhi ababhali abasuselwa kubo babhujiswa. UJosefu wasinda kuye iminyaka eyisikhombisa, futhi wachitha iminyaka yamuva nje ekwakhiweni kweTsar vasily III.
Abalandeli bakaVolokolamsky Igumene, okuthiwa ngu-IoSIFLAANE, owaqala ukusebenzisa ingcebo yezindlu hhayi ukuzuzisa iRussia nesonto, kodwa ngezinhloso zabo.
Ngo-1551, kwenzeke ikhatho eliqinile, elalingafani nalo ngaphandle kweNayile, futhi ngaphandle kukaJosefu, futhi ngaphandle komoya i-III, indawo yakhe eyayithathwe yi-John Grozny encane. Ngenxa yezinqumo ezithathwe ngakho, ubunikazi besonto bacishe bacishe kabili, futhi baqala ukwenza ingxenye ethile yezimali zikahulumeni.
Umphumela
Cishe iminyaka eyikhulu, kwasala impikiswano yezompahla esontweni, futhi izindlu sezindela zaqhubeka zikhula ngengcebo. Izibalo ezithokozisayo kulokhu.
"Uma ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-XVI ibingu- (enziwe inhlekelele) 22, bese kuba yingxenye yesibili yekhulu le-XVI selivele lineminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lokuqala le-XVII, abangcwele abayi-11, engxenyeni yesibili - 2. Ngokuvamile, ubungcwele baseRussia buncipha futhi buncipha. Futhi isizathu salokhu yingcebo yezindela. Ngemuva kwekuguqulwa ngo-1764, wonke amazwe ezindela asuka eHulumeni, umholo wombuso uqokwe esikhundleni sezindela. Ngokuvamile, kwazungeza inzuzo yesonto laseRussia. Ngoba saba nogwadule lwe-Optina, isigodlo sezindela saseSarov savela nge-serachimushka, ubungcwele baseRussia kanye nasezindalabuzi baseRussia baqala ukuvuselela. " N. Somin
Ukuhlola Izazi-mlando
Ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, ukuphikisana "kwamalunga" kanye "nokungavimbi" ngokubuyiselwa komlando.
UVasily Klyechevsky noNikolay Berdyaev babekholelwa ukuthi imibono kaJosephlantic, okuyindlela, ngendlela ehlanekezelwe, wafunda eqinisweni lokuthi wazenzela ezakhe athi kukhona. Lokhu kwathumba izandla zakhe futhi kwaba nomthelela ekubukekeni kwe-Okrichnin.
UGeorgy Florovsky wabona empikiswaneni "yamaqiniso amabili" - izindaba zangaphakathi nenkonzo yasobala.
Kungenzeka ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwenhloso enkulu yalesi simo kwanikeza uNikolai Lisovo, kukholelwe ukuthi ukuxabana phakathi kweNayile yeSorset noJoseph Volootsky, empeleni kwakungekho, futhi ukungezwani kuyinganekwane eyenziwe yibalandeli. Wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuyizindlela ezimbili zobungcwele baseRussia.
"Noma ngabe uhleli esitokisini esiseceleni futhi unikele kuphela umthandazo. Noma usebenza, umqaphi, uguqule umhlaba - futhi emiyalweni kaNkulunkulu. Uma ufuna ukuhlala emlandweni, bukhoma eRussia bese uzama i-Orthodox Russia ukuze ube yiRoma yesithathu, kufanele usebenze. Akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokudalwa - kufaka phakathi izinzuzo ezibonakalayo. " N. Lisovo