Le ndaba evulayo, eyake yashintsha ngokwethulwa kososayensi ngama-satellites amaplanethi amaplanethi ama-Giants esimiso sonozungezilanga.
I-Grand Tour - Voyager
Ekupheleni kweminyaka engama-60 edlule, uNasa wayenohlelo olukhulu lwe-Tour Space, lapho ososayensi behlele ukuthumela amadivayisi amane ohlelo lwamaplanethi angaphandle. Ababili ngo-1977 - kuya kuJupita, Saturn, uPluto, abaningi kabanzi ngo-1979 - kuJupita, uranus, uNeptune. Kepha, njengoba kwenzeka kaningi embonini yesikhala, uhulumeni wase-US usenqume kakhulu imali yephrojekthi. Welapha esikhundleni sohlelo oluvunyiwe lwe-shttl oluvunyiwe - kusuka ku-1 billion amadola kuya kuma-dollar ayizigidi ezingama-360. Ochwepheshe beNASA babuyekeze iphrojekthi futhi banquma ukuthumela ezimbili esikhundleni samaphethelo amane. Yebo, futhi inani lemizimba yokuhlola lilinganiselwe. Esikhundleni sesithupha manje, kwakukhona ezintathu zazo: uJupita, uSaturn, uTitan. Umhlaba wokugcina wawunentshisekelo ethile. Uhlu luhlanganisa ngenxa yokuthi lokhu ukuphela kwe-satellite yohlelo lwelanga, olunomkhathi.
Izingcweti Zochungechunge Lwama-Mariner Zomisha ZIYIDLULEKILE UKUZE LULANDELWE: "UMariner-11" no "Mariner-12". Iziteshi zalolu hlobo lwe-NASA zisetshenziswe kusukela nge-1962, ngezikhathi ezihlukile zathunyelwa eVenus, Mars naseMercury. Uhlelo olukhulu lwe-Grand Tour lwabizwa kabusha ngoMariner Jupiter-Saturn, kwathi ngo-1977 lo msebenzi wanikezwa igama elisha - i-Voyager. Manje kungenzeka ukuthi ama-Probus abizwa nge- "Voyager-1" kanye ne- "Voyager-2". Bobabili baqhubeka nomgwaqo ngo-1977 ngomehluko wezinsuku eziyi-16. Ekuqaleni kwahlelwa ukuthi impilo yenkonzo yalokho izinto zokusebenza ibingaba yiminyaka emi-5, kepha, njengoba wazi, ukundiza kwabo kube yiminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-44.
Amakhamera "Voyagerov"
Ebhodini "Voyagerov" kunamakhamera amabili wethelevishini - i-wide-angle futhi incishisiwe-angled. Ukugxila amabanga ama-lens abo ama-200 mm no-1500 mm, i-angle yokubuka ka-3.2 ° no-0.42 °, ngokulandelana. Iwebhusayithi ye-NASA ithi izimvume zeCarlow-angled anele ukufunda iphephandaba elisuka kude nge-1 km. Ngaleso sikhathi, lawa kwakungamakhamera athuthukile kakhulu ake afakwe eziteshini zesikhala.
Imininingwane yamadivayisi igcinwa kwi-digital ribbon drive. Ngesikhathi sokutadisha iplanethi noma i-satellite yakhe, le mininingwane yaqongelelwa ngokushesha okukhulu kunalokho abangakudluliselwa emhlabeni. Ngamanye amagama, ngesikhathi sokungahleliwe kwiplanethi, ucwaningo lwenziwe, lukhuluma ngokulinganayo, ama-1000 shot, futhi inkumbulo yanele kuphela ku-100. Ngakho-ke, ukusheshisa kunethiwekhi eyodwa ye-radiotheloscopes ye Inethiwekhi yezokuxhumana ejulile ye-Deep Space Network (DSN). Ngokusho kwesayithi le-NASA, idatha ye-Voyager-1 idluliselwa emhlabeni nge-160 BPS, i-antennas engu-34-metret kanye namamitha angama-70 asetshenziselwa ukuthola isinali.
[Funda kabanzi, njengoba i-spacecraft idlulisela izithombe emhlabeni, ungahle ngendatshana yethu "Indlela ososayensi bathola ngayo izithombe ezenziwe nge-spacecraft"]
Ikhamera ngayinye inendandatho yayo yokuhlunga, efaka ama-orange, aluhlaza, izihlungi eziluhlaza, zingahlanganiswa ukuthola izithombe ngemibala ecishe ibe yiqiniso.
Nasi isibonelo sokudubula "Voyager-1" sisebenzisa izihlungi ezikhanyayo. Isithombe somhlaba nenyanga senziwa kusuka ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayi-11,7 cishe emavikini amabili ngemuva kokwethula uphenyo:
[Indaba yesifinyezo ekufundeni kwethu: "Umlingisi wokuqala ohlanganayo womhlaba nenyanga emlandweni. I-Cult Snapshot, okuyiminyaka engama-43 eyedlule eyenziwe "Voyager-1" "]
I-Jupiter ne-IO
Ekuqaleni kuka-1979, uVoyager-1 waqala ukuvala ngeJupiter. Ngokufana, wenza izithombe zama-satellite aseGalile amaGati. Izithombe zalawa ma-satellite azizange zidumaze ososayensi. Ochwepheshe babecabanga ukuthi ezithombeni zeVoyager - 1, babezobona okufanayo, akukho okuhlukile komunye nomunye inyanga, kodwa esikhundleni sezinkanyezi, umhlaba uvele ne-geology eyingqayizivele, hhayi nhlobo njenge-geology yenyanga yethu.
Kuwo wonke ama-satellite aseGalile, umphakathi wesayensi omkhulu odidekile yi-IO. Ngokusho kwezifundo zeSpectroscopic, io yabonakala kusosayensi njengomzimba okungaphezulu kwenyanga, kodwa futhi ibuye ibembise ama-craters. Endaweni efiselekayo ye-satellite yeJupiter, ochwepheshe balindele ukuthola amadiphozithi kasawoti ahlukahlukene. Kepha io kwavela ukuthi kube yi-World-Mystery yangempela ngaphandle kokuvela kwe-crater ebonakalayo, embozwe ngezinto eziphuzi eziphuzi, ze-orange kanye nomhlophe. Izithombe zokuqala ze-Giant Giant Setterllite zidonsele izinkanyezi emcabangweni wokuthi izinqubo ezithile zezwe zenzeka ku-IO, "zivuselele phezu kwe-CRUM CRATERS."
NgoMashi 1979, i-Voyager-1 yathatha isithombe se-IO kucashunwe isikhathi eside kusuka ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayi-4,5, evule ikhethini lemfihlakalo yale nyanga.
Esithombeni, ochwepheshe beNASA babona ifu elalisemakhilomitha amaningi phezu kwe-"ekhanyisiwe" yokugula ye-IO. Lesi sithombe sithi:
Ekuqaleni, ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi lokhu kwakungamane nje ukuhlanekezela okuvela ngesikhathi sokudubula, kodwa ngemuva kokuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwacaca ukuthi ifu lalingokoqobo. Njengoba io ine-atmosphere ebabazekayo, izazi zezinkanyezi zaphetha ngokuthi ifu liyindawo yokuqhuma okunamandla kwentaba-mlilo enamandla. Wanikezwa umbono we-P1.
Ngemuva kwesikhashana, amalungu eqembu le-Voyager Research Group athole esinye isitimela emngceleni wosuku nobusuku (isitebhisi) se-IO, saluphawulwe yi-P2.
Idatha entsha ethunyelwe yi-Voyager-1 ibonise ukuthi i-P1 ingumphumela womsebenzi wentaba-mlilo esebenzayo, kamuva ibizwa nge-PELE, futhi i-P2 ihlotshaniswa nezikhiye zentaba-mlilo ze-Lava.
Ochwepheshe wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi kukhona izintaba-mlilo zamanje IO, zinjalo cishe isizathu "abasha satellite ebusweni", futhi ophuzi, white, imali orange azilutho ngaphandle kwalezo aphonswe phakathi nokuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo phezu ketshezi: Ama-silicates ahlukahlukene, isibabule, i-sulphur dioxide.
Kwezinye izithombe ze-IO, ezitholwe nguVoyager-1, ososayensi bathole izihibe eziyisishiyagalombili zentaba-mlilo.
Ukuvulwa kwe-ProBE kanye nokubonwa okulandelayo kwe-satellite yeJupiter kwasiza ochwepheshe baqonde ukuthi i-IO ingumhlaba osebenzayo wezwe ohlelweni lwelanga, namuhla luqukethe izintaba-mlilo ezingaba ngu-400.
Izinto ezibonakalayo ziphrintiwe esiteshini sethu
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