Eminyakeni engu-40 edlule, ngoFebhuwari 11, 1981, ePoland kwakungekho lutho olufana nomcimbi ophawuleka: UNdunankulu washintshwa. USilovik, uNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela Kazwelonke Woolesh Yarzhelsky waba nguSihlalo omusha woMkhandlu. Phambili kwezwe bekulinde ukusonteka okungakaze kwenzeke, umthetho wempi, ogxile ezandleni zomkhakha wamandla wawo wonke amandla ezweni futhi cishe iminyaka eyishumi yokuphikisana namandla kanye nomphakathi. 42.Tut.by ngale micimbi.
IPoland ngamashumi ayisikhombisa: Iminyaka Yegolide Nezikweletu
Eminyakeni eyishumi yaba yiminyaka yegolide efanayo neRiphabhulikhi yabantu basePoland. Le nkampani yezwa amandla ayo: Imibhikisho Eningi yabasebenzi eBaltic Coast, yize inamandla futhi yanquma ukudubula abantu, i-analogue ye-CPSU ePoland) Vladislav Gomulka. Indawo yakhe yathathwa yi-herose ye-edward edward.Uhulumeni wakhipha kancane umnyango, futhi "thaw" kanye nokuqhakaza kwamasiko kwaqala ePoland. U-Angey Waila noKshyshtof Zanysy, uDaniel Olbrykh naseBarylsk wadutshulwa, u-Anna Hermann wahlabelela no-Anna Enirter. I-Warsaw Brewery ilobe owokuqala eSoviet Block yeCoca-Cola, nasePoland yonke etholwe isidlaliso esiyingqayizivele "se-merry terrack in the social". IMoscow ayizange ivimbele: Iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa yayiyinkathi 'yokucuculwa' ngasentshonalanga, futhi amandla okuphazamisa ama-satellite ngemuva kokucindezelwa kwe- "Prague Spring" ngo-1968, uBrezhnev akazange alwe.
Kepha icala emnothweni wasePoland alinandaba. Izikhungo zezimboni zazilalela, izwe lidinga ukufakwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe - kanye nemali yalokhu, ubuholi be-PPP bunqume ukuthatha entshonalanga, hhayi ama-Allies aseSocil Block. Umnotho we-PNP wakhukhula ngemali yesikweletu: babelindele ukuthi maduze nje zonke izikweletu zikwazi ukunikela ngenxa yenzuzo eyengeziwe.
Kodwa-ke, leminyaka iphele, isikweletu sithole amanani asonkanyezi ama- $ 20 billion, futhi inzuzo ayiveli: Ngenxa yenkohliso, isimo sezomnotho "esisevumayo" sehlulekile. Imali etshaliwe emnothweni njengoba kungenzeka incibilike ngaphandle kokuletha ukuthuthuka okufisayo.
Akudingekile ukubala amazwe aseNtshonalanga ukubhala amakhredithi: bona uqobo babenzima ebusweni bezinhlekelele zamafutha. I-Soviet Union nayo ayikaze ilungele ukusindisa umnotho wasePoland. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngasekupheleni kwama-70s, "i-Golden Age" kungazelelwe futhi ngokwemvelo kwaphela ngokuphelele, iPoland yayiseduze kokuwa komnotho.
Amashalofu ayengenalutho ezitolo, konke okungathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, amanani akhule akhula (okwakuyinto engenamqondo ngokuphelele ngomnotho ohleliwe). Izisebenzi zavuka futhi kwimibhikisho. Ukudubula akwazanga ukushesha, kepha izishoshovu zaxoshwa, zaxoshwa, futhi zikhonkotha izingcindezi engxenyeni yesibili yamashumi ayisikhombisa kwaba yinto evamile. Ukuphendula, i-Intelligentsia idale iKomidi Lokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu noma iKomi (Komitet Obrony Robotników).
Isiteleka nobumbano
Usuku Lwezandla lwalungoJulayi 1, 1980 - ngalolu suku uhulumeni wandisa amanani entengo yenyama. Abasebenzi abazange bathwale: Okokuqala baphule imibhikisho eLublin, khona-ke isikhungo sabo sashukumisela eGdansk: Lapho, ngosizo lweKhomiti Yeziteleka Zama-Inter-wave lwadalwa kwaholwa ngugesi womkhumbi weLech uValence. Isibalo sabagadli babalwa ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane, emlandweni le micimbi efakiwe njenge-Polish Agasti. Kulokhu i-IntelligentShia kanye nabasebenzi basebenza ndawonye.
IKomidi Lesiteka kanye noKomi Ngokuhlangene bathuthukisa ama-21 bafuna izisebenzi kubaphathi - ikakhulukazi kwezomnotho - kuze kwethulwa amakhadi okudla enyameni inyama. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinyunyana ezizimele zohwebo zifuna, kanye nelungelo elingokomthetho lokushaya, kanye nemininingwane ethembekile ngesimo sezenhlalo nakwezomnotho wezwe, kanye nokubamba iqhaza engxoxweni yezinguquko ezidingekayo.
Isihluthulelo sezinyunyana ezizimele zabasebenzi kwakuyisihluthulelo: Sekungo-Septhemba 17, amaKomidi esiteleka asePoland amemezele inhlangano yawo - inyunyana ezizimele yokubusa "ubumbano", eyaba nenhlangano eyalandela kamuva. Izigxobo ngokushesha "zivote izinyawo zazo" U-Lech Valens waba nguSihlalo. Novemba 10, inyunyana yabasebenzi iba semthethweni.
I-PNP PNP STIRTILO. Imibuthano ethi "Liberal", iholwa ngamandla alahlekelwe ngokushesha, amagiya awazange axazululwe ukuze afake amandla ngokumelene neMisa elisebenzayo, ukhonkolo weqembu elithi "Stalinist" (i-Old Guard) ayifuni ukwenza noma yiziphi izivumelwano.
I-poristinering "pendulum" ngo-Agasti-Septhemba yadutshulwa kaningana, futhi ngenxa yalokho, isimo sadalwa yimbambana: Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuholi be-PPP buqashelwa kahle ezinye zezidingo zabasebenzi (okokuqala, Indalo yezinyunyana ezizimele zokuhweba, eziholele ekudalweni kwe- "Solarity"), nomunye - iHerlek e-Edward yasula esikhundleni, esikhundleni sikaKanya esinqumweni esibi kakhulu. Lesi sakamuva asizange sibe ngo-ukhonkolo "weqembu", simelela isibalo sinokuyekethisa, sikulungele ukuthatha isinyathelo nokusiswa, kanye ne-gingerbread. Kodwa-ke, bekusobala impela ukuthi isikhathi sokuphendula sizoqala maduze. Waqala.
Izinkinga zeziphathimandla zazibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba kwakungacacile, yisiphi isikhundla esizothatha ibutho - ukwethembeka kwamabutho akuqinisekisiwe. Kungakho ngo-Agasti ngo-Agasti, izingxoxo zokuqala zaqala ukwethulwa kwamasosha aseSoviet ePoland. I-USSR ayikwazanga ukulahlekelwa i-satellite yasePoland ye-USSR: Akunakuxhumana neqembu elinamandla kakhulu lamasosha aseSoviet eJalimane, kube nengozi yokulahlekelwa ukulawula kwe- "Pipe" Inyunyana yayibucayi kusuka maphakathi nesikhombisa).
Noma kunjalo, ukungenelela okugcwele kweMoscow ngaleso sikhathi kwakungafunwa, uma kungenjalo nakancane: izwe lalijule nalo empini ye-Afghan, futhi endaweni "yesibili" yobuholi benyunyana ukwaba izinsizakusebenza esifisweni senziwe ungashisi. E-USSR, inkondlo edabukisayo yazalwa:
Pany nephane,
Lalela uKanya,
Khona-ke i-vanya izofika
Futhi kuzoba njani e-Afghanistan ...
Kodwa-ke, ukuzovuthalwa ngokusemthethweni kwe- "Solarity" kanye nokukhula okuqhumayo kwenombolo yayo kwanda kakhulu kucasulwa ubuholi beqembu le-bloc ye-soviet kanye ne- "ukhonkolo" ye-PPP. Abamele "Ama-Old Guard" eqembu, inyunyana yabasebenzi abazimele, njengethambo emphinjeni, futhi ukuvumelana kuye emabuzweni okubuza ehlobo kuthathwe njengobuhlungu, kepha ukunqotshwa kwesikhashana.
Pan yarazelsky
Emibandela yempi ebandayo yabaguquli kanye namaphiko alondolozekile ngoFebhuwari 11, 1981, usihlalo woMkhandlu WeziNgqongqoshe bePoland, inhloko yoMnyango Wezokuvikela (ngasikhathi sinye, washiya uNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela Kazwelonke ). Ukuqokwa kwemfihlo ebalulekile yeFork yezokuphepha kwakungakwaziswa ikakhulukazi: amabutho asetshenziswa emphakathini igunya elihle futhi yonke i-dismantum egxile kwi-PPP. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umuntu ongeyena owathi "ukhonkolo" wawubonakala njengoNdunankulu omubi kakhulu ongakwenza ngalo ibhizinisi.
Kodwa-ke, umphakathi e-Yalazelsky wawuphutha. Yebo, wayengenayo iqembu eliqinile eledlule, ukuba impilo yakhe yonke ehlotshaniswa nebutho. Inzalo ye-Shantehereesetsky Ngomusa, wathuthela eLithuania waya eLithuania eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, lapho iRiphabhulikhi eya e-USSR yajoyina ireferensi yaseSiberia yangijoyina khona. Ngamngcwaba ubaba lapho, walimaza i-cornea yeso echibini elisehlathini (okwakungaba izibuko ezimnyama), kodwa phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili ngakwazi ukujoyina izingxenye zasePoland ezakhiwe e-USSR. Empini, uYazazelsky wadlula namabutho e-Elbe uqobo, wabe eseqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wezempi.
Ekupheleni kwamashumi ayisithupha, i-yarzelsky, njengoba nje eseyisikhonzi sokuvikela izwe lonke, yathola okuhlangenwe nakho kokuqala kokungena amabutho ukusindisa umngani wezinguquko ezivela ezinguquko: izigxobo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-24 zibambe iqhaza ekucindezelweni kwe- "Prague Spring". Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, amasosha asePoland avela olwazini lwe-yarazelsky ahlanganyele ekusheshisweni kwemibhikisho esebenzayo ogwini lweBaltic - khona-ke abantu abangama-46 bafa. Ngakho-ke sebenzisa amandla kwi-Premiere entsha, ngokuvamile hhayi eyokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekungenakwenzeka ukuyekethisa phakathi kwe- "Solarity" kanye neziphathimandla: Iziteleka ezintsha ezilungiselelwe kuqala, owesibili ngemuva kokuvunyelwa kokuvunyelwa kokuqala futhi angafuni noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa. UPharallel Poland waba mpofu, siyakhumbula ukuthi izwe elilinganiselayo engxenyeni yokuqothuka, nasengxenyeni yokuqala ka-1981 ngenxa yenkinga, iholo lePolish lawela ngo-15%.
Izinyathelo zezomnotho ukuthi uhulumeni ahlinzekela ukuxazulula inkinga emikhakheni yemibhikisho eminingi, ayengekuqala kakhulu: ukugwema ukufihla, i-yarraelskissky yanikezwa ngisho nokukhulisa amanani okudla kanye nophethiloli. Kuyamangaza ukuthuthumela i-anarchy, okusolakala ukuthi ifihla izimfuneko zezinguquko zentando yeningi, yathi "amandla abantu angeke anikezwe, amandla esimo sobuso sokosamongi, futhi ngeke anikezwe."
Ngesikhathi sika-1981, ubuholi be-PPP buvame ukuthambekela kunguqulo enamandla: imisebenzi ye- "Solarity" yathukuthelisa iziphathimandla ngokwengeziwe, kanye nesidingo sayo sezinguquko zezomnotho kanye nezepolitiki (kufaka phakathi uhulumeni wokuzikhethela kuma-SEJM) ngqo kusongelwa yinkomo yamakhomanisi asePoland ukuphatha izwe.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ngendlela, umbuzo wokungenelela kweSoviet cishe awukaze ukhule: ngokwesibonelo, kwaba khona "i-cellinal grey" i-pollinburro mikhail suslov, egula kakhulu uBrezHev futhi akazange aphuthume ukwethula amabutho). Kuliqiniso, isizinda somphakathi, ukwenqatshwa kokuhlasela kwaba okuningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
NgoDisemba, iSolidarity ihlelele imiboniso enkulu ngosuku lokukhunjulwa kwababhikishi ngo-1970. Futhi lapha i-yarzelsky, eyayigxile ngesikhathi wonke amandla ezweni (Okthoba 18, wangena esikhundleni sikaKanya eposini likanobhala wokuqala we-PPP) eshaywe: Kwangeniswa umthetho wempi ezweni. Ngo-December 12, wonke ama-vovode (izifunda) zamaphoyisa athola izimvilophu ezitholwe ezimvilophini ezivela ku-Mashi - okungukuthi, zibeke lapho ngenyanga ngemuva kokuqokwa kwe-WOJCAJA.
Ezimvilophini ezinemiyalo: Ukulawula zonke izindlela zokuxhumana, umsakazo, ithelevishini, ukungenela zonke izishoshovu ze- "Solarity", ezokwazi ukufinyelela. Esitokisini kwavela ukuthi yi-valens, iningi lezincwadi zenhlangano yezohwebo, nangesizathu esithile, unobhala wokuqala wokuqala we-porp Edward Hered. Uhulumeni wavala imingcele, wenqatshelwe zonke izinhlangano zomphakathi, udaba lwendaba yonke yabezindaba.
Ukwethulwa kwesimo sezempi sekuphenduke umsebenzi wamaphoyisa amakhulu kunawo wonke ngekhulu lama-20: abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi abahlanganisa nabasebenzi be-ZOMO (bese kuba namaphoyisa asePoland. Kanye namasosha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-250 emathangini ayizinkulungwane eziningana kanye nabathwali bezisebenzi bahlomile. Kwakubambezeleka ngasikhathi sinye cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu, kungekudala kwanezelwa kubo okuningi.
"Isimo sabasebenzi kanye nabalimi" babangela ukushaya okuchotshoziwe kwabasebenzi nabaphangi, bebamemezela nge-counter-revolutionary. Amandla ezweni athuthela emkhandlwini wamasosha weNational Rescue (Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodogo, Wron). Enkulumweni elandelayo, uYazazelsky wathi: "Ngisola la mabutho esifisweni sokuxabana, esifisweni sokukhubaza abaphathi, ekusakazeni ubuphekula okuqhubekayo, ekubhujisweni kobuphekula, ekubhujisweni komnotho , ingabe lawa mabutho asongele inyunyana nokuphepha kwezwe. Ngigxeka laba bantu ekuhlukunyezweni kokuhlukumezeka kwezigidi zabantu abathembekile ababandakanyeka endaweni ekhula eyingozi.
Kamuva, wojcih, uYajcih, uYajcih, uYajcih, wagcizelela ukuthi wethule umthetho wempi kuphela ngenhloso yokuvimbela ukuhlaselwa kwamasosha amazwe aseBloc akwaSoviet. Namuhla kuyangabazeka: Ngemuva kwamashumi eminyaka, abukho ubufakazi obuqondile bokulungiselela kokufakwa kwamabutho akwazanga ukutholakala - kusobala ukuthi umthetho wempi wawulungisiwe kusengaphambili.
Ukumelana kwabantu kukwazile ukucindezela hhayi ngokushesha. Abasebenzi bathatha amashumi amabhizinisi eWarsaw, eGdansk, e-Wroclaw namanye amadolobha. Imvamisa, amabutho noZomo asebenze kanjena: Isango lebhizinisi ligwaze ithangi, ngemuva kwalokho amabutho ezokuphepha angena ngaphakathi, aphokophela efektri. Uma kwenzeka umelana, zombili ezami "izinkuni" eSilesia, uZomo wavula umlilo kubavukuzi ezibhamu ngomshini - kushona abantu abayisishiyagalolunye. EGdansk, umboniso wahlakazeka ngokuqinile - imihlatshelo emithathu eyengeziwe.
Ngenxa yalokhu, ngasekupheleni konyaka, ukumelana kwezinyunyana kwabasebenzi bakwazi ukucindezela. Ngaphandle kobuholi obumaphakathi, izigidi zabasekeli abashiye ngaphansi komhlaba "ubumbano" abakwazanga ukuhlela ukuxabana okusebenzayo. Imephu ye-Yarozelsky edlalwe futhi isikhathi esithile sandiswa ubukhona bePoland Poland.
Izigxobo zibhikishe ngangokunokwenzeka. Amasheya obumbano, iziteleka zase-Italy emsebenzini, amapheshana kanye namaphosta, i-graffiti elwa nohulumeni. Isifinyezo se-Worn sifana negama elithi wrena (crow), futhi ezindongeni kwakuvame ukuwina "kokhozi uVorona ukuthi angawina", "for don", "ubusika bakho" Ukukhiya i-graffiti kuthumele amaqembu akhethekile.
Ngakho-ke, "i-shrimp" ngaleyo ndlela iPoland, yalazelsky nezindawo ezikuyo ayikwazanga "ukuthula" umnotho. NgoFebhuwari 1982, intengo yokudla yanda ngamaphesenti angama-241, ngamaphesenti angama-171 - ngogesi nokushisa. Amabhizinisi aqoke amasosha amasosha ukuba aqinise isiyalo kanye nokukhiqiza kwabasebenzi "- ngokusemandleni lapho kwasiza, kunzima ukwahlulela.
Isimo sezempi saqhubeka kuze kube nguJulayi 22, 1983, bekufanelekile impilo yabantu abangaphezu kwekhulu futhi abayixazululanga nkinga. Ubumbano obuhluliwe ensimini yezomthetho baqhubeka nokusebenza ngaphansi komhlaba, ukwethenjwa kwabantu ku-PPP kwawela ku-zero, futhi umnotho awuzange usize umnotho we-wojciech ongaguquki. Noma kunjalo, i-PNR iqhubeke neminyaka embalwa - cishe kuze kube sekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka. U-Yazareilsky ngokwakhe wagcina unikeze amandla afanayo ne-Lehu, waphila kuze kube ngu-2014. Tut.by.