NgoMashi 11, 2021, impela iminyaka eyi-10 yengozi eFukushima yenziwa. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kanye ne-tsunami kuholele ekulimazeni izinhlelo zokupholisa kuma-reactors amane e-Fukushima-Daiti NPP, bese kuba ukuqhuma nokusatshalaliswa kokungcoliswa komsakazo. Ngo-2016, uMnyango Wezomnotho waseJapan walinganisa nomonakalo ovela engozini yenuzi ngo- $ 195 billion, kusukela lapho izindleko zanda kuphela.
Inhlekelele nge-athomu elinokuthulaUkumiswa kwengozi kusasebenza kuHulumeni waseJapan, kukholelwa ukuthi ukulahlwa kwemfucuza ye-radioactive ngemuva kwengozi kuzoqedwa kufinyelela ku- $ 6 billion futhi kuzoqedwa maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka. Kepha lokhu kungukudoti omsakazo kuphela oqongelelwa iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10. Ngaphandle kwakhe, kusekhona ama-reactors abhujiswa izinkulungwane zamathani omkhuba omnandi kakhulu, kanye namanzi angcolile. Ukuwa kokugcina, inhloso yeziphathimandla zaseJapan yaqala ukusetha kabusha la manzi olwandle kubangele ukubaketa kwamanye amazwe. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eminyakeni eminingana, amakhulukhulu amathani wamanzi anemisebe athengwa nsuku zonke kusuka kuma-reactors alonakalisiwe, kodwa ngo-2022, iziqukathi zesitoreji sazo ziyagcwaliswa. Ngokwengxenye yala manzi iyasulwa, kepha i-tritium e-radioactive ayihlungwanga, ngakho-ke sekuyingcongudla ewuketshezi ewuketshezi.
Ngaleso sikhathi, abadobi ogwini lwaseJapan babanjwa inhlanzi enemisebe.
Ngemuva kwengozi, uHulumeni waseJapan waqedwa ohlelweni lwamasu, oluhlinzekelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwama-53% kagesi ngokulahlekelwa yi-NPP ngo-2030. Izitshalo zamandla enuzi eziningi ezweni aziphoqelekile. Futhi amanye alawo makhono aphoqelekile uhlanganiswe. Kepha iJapan yavuma isivumelwano seParris Climable futhi yamemezela ukungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka, okuzodinga ukwenqaba kwamafutha okugcwala. Naphezu kwengxoxo eqhubekayo, kungenzeka ukufeza izinhloso zesimo sezulu ngaphandle kwama-athomu amandla, uhulumeni akaphuthumi ukwakha isithombo samandla enuzi futhi. Ohlelweni lwamasu wokufeza isivumelwano seParis, uHulumeni waseJapan ukhuluma nge- "ukunciphisa isabelo samandla we-athomu ngangokunokwenzeka", kanye nokubaluleka kwemithombo yamandla evuselelekayo. Ngo-2019, isabelo sama-athomu amandla eJapan sasingama-6%, futhi ingxenye yengxenye yemithombo evuselelekayo imayelana no-19%. Eqinisweni, amandla avuseleleke ngempumelelo, ukuba khona kwamandla enuzi kuya.
Amandla we-athomu e-sunsetIngozi eFukushima ayizange iholele ekuvaleni kwe-Hysterical of arvelen arts izitshalo zamandla enuzi emhlabeni wonke. Amazwe amaningana ashintshe imiqondo yawo ukwakha ama-reactors, amanye anqume ukwenqaba amandla athomuni asekuseni - kepha jikelele, amacebo anjalo ayeseFukushima. Futhi axhunyiwe hhayi kangako ngokwesaba izingozi, kepha ngezindleko eziphakeme zalolu hlobo lwamandla, kufaka phakathi ukungaqiniseki izindleko zokuphatha imfucumfucu yenuzi. Isibonelo esibonakala kakhulu yiJalimane, lapho ngo-2022 sizovala isitshalo sabanamandla esigcina senuzi. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule komunye wezomnotho omkhulu wezwe 'we-athomu elinokuthula' elinikezwe ngengxenye yesithathu yezidingo zikagesi, namuhla le ndaba ne-Reserve ifakwe iziteshi zamazwe avuselelekayo emithonjeni yamandla evuselelekayo. Isinqumo sokwenqaba amandla athomu avele eJalimane ngisho nalapho ephenduka ngekhulu le-XXI. Uhlelo lokuphuma kwezigaba zokuphambalwa kusuka ekuxhashazweni lwavunywa, lapho baqopha ukuthi amandla avunyelwe ukuthola lokhu noma enye into ephendulwa ngaphambi kokuvala ukuphepha kwenukliya.
Ngaphambi nje kwengozi yenuzi eJapan, iMelkel Chancellor ivumile nezinkampani zamandla zaseJalimane ukuba zibambezele ukuhoxiswa kwezitshalo zamandla enuzi. Kepha ingozi eJapan, la malungiselelo akhunjulwa futhi abuyise amacebo amadala empilweni, evunyelwe iminyaka eyi-10 ngaphambi kweFukushima.
Ngamafuphi, sikhona lapho kukhanya kwelanga lomhlaba wonke embonini yenuluya - wonke amazwe ashiwo ngaphambili njengesibonelo sokusetshenziswa okuphephile kwama-athomu ama-athomu, elinejubane elilodwa noma elinye noma elinye ijubane lawo kwenqaba. Amandla enuzi amakhulu kunawo wonke aseMelika emhlabeni ngokuya ngevolumu yawo engena enkathini yobuningi kanye nokukhishwa okubizayo okukhulu kokusebenza okuvela ekusebenzeni, ngenkathi ukumiselela kucishe kwakhiwe. EFrance, eyayinolunye lwezinkomba ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni ekwabelweni kwezitshalo zamandla enuzi ekwakhiweni kwamandla (ngaphezulu kwama-70%), akukho zinhlelo zokuphuma ekusebenzeni kwezitshalo zazo zenuzi, futhi azikho izinhlelo zazo ukushintshwa. Ehlelweni lesimo sezulu saseFrance, ukugcizelelwa akulona kwi-NPP entsha, kodwa ngemithombo yamandla evuselelekayo. I-Japan, lapho ngaphambi kweFukushima, cishe ingxenye yamandla ekhiqizwa kuma-reactors, manje ifuna ukunciphisa isabelo samandla atholwa athoni ngangokunokwenzeka.
Manje eRussia!Manje uzomangala, kepha ngisho naseRussia ukuthuthukiswa kwama-athomu kucishe kwaphela.
I-Rosatom ixhaphaza izitshalo zamandla ezi-11 zenuzi eRussia, ezisebenzisa ama-reactors angama-37. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiteshi se-athomu esintantayo "i-Acoutimian Lomonosov" enezinto ezimbili ezincane ze-CLT-40 isebenza kuChukotka. Ngo-2020, isabelo sezitshalo zamandla enuzi zaseRussia ekwenziweni kukagesi zazingaba ngu-20%.
Isitshalo samandla enuzi esintantayo saba ukufaka esikhundleni se-bilibino NPP yakudala, lapho kumiswa khona i-Reactoror yokuqala ngo-2019, kanti amanye ama-reactors amathathu kufanele amiswe ngo-2025. Ochwepheshe bemboni ye-Atomic bathi kubiza kakhulu.
Isiteshi se-Atomic esintantayo bekufanele siphinde sibuyele emuva ngo-2008, ukwakhiwa kwabambezeleka iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10. Izazi zemvelo ziphinde zabiza le phrojekthi "Chernobyl" ngenxa yokukhathazeka emkhakheni wezokuphepha kanye ne-nuclear non-ukwanda.
Ngo-2020, kwakukhona ama-reactors amathathu eziteshini zaseKursk naseLeningrad ezakha. Lawa mayunithi wamandla akhiwa njengokufaka esikhundleni salolu hlobo lweChernobyl reaction (RBMK-1000), olutholakala kancane kancane ekusebenzeni. E-Leningrad NPP, i-RBMK-1000 yokuphendula yokuqala yamiswa ngasekupheleni kuka-2018, owesibili - ngasekupheleni kuka-2020, kwahlelwa ama-reactors amabili asele ahlelelwe ukuyeka ngo-2025 Ukufakwa esikhundleni, kepha akucaci ukuthi ngabe ithathelwa indawo yi-reactors yesithathu neyesine.
Ku-Kursk NPP ekusebenzeni kunamabhulokhi wohlobo lwe-chernobyl ezine. Owokuqala kuhlelwa ukuthi ame ngasekupheleni kuka-2021, owesibili - ngo-2024, futhi amanye amabili - ngo-2028 no-2030. Ukufakwa esikhundleni kusukela ngo-2018, kwakhiwa ama-vver-tei amaphrojekthi wephrojekthi (asuselwa kwizixazululo zezobuchwepheshe zeWWER-1200). Futhi, njengasesimweni se-Leningrad NPP, akucaci ukuthi kuzokwakhiwa amabhlokhi amasha.
Isiphelo sezinkundla zamandla enuzi ingumsebenzi obalulekile wezobuchwepheshe nowezezimali, oqhubeka kuphela eRussia. Ngenkathi ama-reactors ayi-8 ame futhi afike ku-15 azomiswa eminyakeni eyi-10 eyalandela. Izindleko eziqondile zokuphuma kusuka ekusebenzeni kwe-NPP akwaziwa. Imboni yenuzi yaseRussia ikholelwa ukuthi izokwazi ukukhipha ukusebenza kwe-NPPS "ngezinzuzo eziningi ezishibhile" kunemali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi.
Futhi kukhona imfucuza yenuziKuqongelelwa amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-500 eRussia eRussia, kufaka phakathi amathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1 wemfucuza ye-uranium, imvelaphi yaseJalimane ngokwengxenye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuze kufike kumathani kaphethiloli asetshenziswa ngamafutha anamandla kagesi aqongelelwa. Imboni ye-Atomic ihlela ukusebenzisa kabusha lokhu kugcizelela izinto zenuzi ukuze iphinde isetshenziswe. Kodwa-ke, eRussia kunezindawo ezimbalwa zamandla, ngakho-ke le nqubo izothatha amashumi eminyaka. Futhi, hhayi kuze kube sekupheleni kucace ukuthi yini inhloso yokucubungula, ngoba ukubhekabheka kuyadingeka ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha kwezinto zenuzi, futhi kukhona ezimbili zazo eRussia. Enye yalezi ezimbili ubudala isemdala kakhulu, kanti owesibili wabekwa ezikhathini zaseChernobyl futhi ungumpetha ngesikhathi sokwakha, esedlule isilinganiso emhlabeni kathathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphinda kwenziwa kabusha kophethiloli we-NPP kuyinqubo eyingozi kakhulu yemvelo, ngenxa yokuthi lapho kunezikhathi eziningi zemfucumfucu ethe xaxa.
E-Russia, kunzima kakhulu ukumthinta iziphathimandla uma kukhulunywa ngama-athomu - izishoshovu zemvelo zingaphansi kwengcindezi engapheli, futhi ukugxekwa kwamandla oku-athomu kulinganiswa yiziphathimandla ukubhekana nentshisekelo yomphakathi. Isibonelo, isizathu sokwethulwa kwenhlangano yokuqala yezemvelo eRussia kwirejista yakwama-ejeli yakwamanye amazwe yahlelwa ngumkhankaso wezempi wokulwa nokwakhiwa kweBaltic NPP. Umphumela walesi simo ubuthakathaka kakhulu umbuso wemboni yenuzi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukubhekwa okubuthakathaka kwe-athomu kwaqanjwa ngembangela yengozi enkulu yengozi eFukushima, ngoba ukuhlolisisa iminyaka eminingi eziteshini zenuzi kudluliselwe kuphela ngokusemthethweni, futhi kwavuleka amadokhumenti. I-Rosatom inesimo esikhethekile senhlangano ebalulekile esondelene noMongameli kaPutin. UMkhandlu Wezwe Inkampani uholwa nguMqondisi wangaphambilini uSergei Kiriyenko, Umphathi Namuhla kusuka ekuphathweni koMongameli Wenqubomgomo Yezwe Yezwe.
Lokhu kuhlinzekelwa kweNhlangano Yezwe akuchazwa hhayi kuphela ngeqiniso lokuthi kufaka phakathi ukwengeza embonini yenuzi yezenhlangano. Kepha nendima ekhethekile "ye-geopolitical", ngoba ukuthengiswa kwama-reactors kanye nophethiloli wenuzi kuyithuluzi elikhulu lethonya.
Ithonya le-AtomicURosatom uphikisana ukuthi kwakha ama-atomic amasha angama-35 emazweni ahlukene omhlaba. Izindleko eziphelele zale projekthi zidlula ama- $ 130 billion. Ngo-2020, iRosatom ihlelelwe ukusayina isivumelwano esisha sokwakhiwa kwezitshalo zamandla enuzi e-Uzbekistan, kepha amacebo avimba ubhubhane lweCoronavirus. Kodwa-ke, ukubalwa okuzimele kukhombisa ukuthi inani lezitshalo zamandla enuzi zenziwa ngokweqile. Njengomthombo ka-2020, iRosatom yayinezinkontileka zokwakhiwa okugcwele noma okuyingxenye kwama-reactors angama-25. Futhi izindleko zezinkontileka zazicishe zibe ngama- $ 100 billion. Kodwa-ke, zize zicabange izinkomba ezingezansi, iRosatom ihlala ingumdlali omkhulu emakethe ye-NPPS entsha emhlabeni. I-State Corporation, ngokungafani nabaqhudelana bawo bangaphandle, icishe ibe yinzuzo yokufinyelela okungenamkhawulo emalini yabakhokhi bentela yaseRussia uma kukhulunywa ngethonya langaphandle. Izimali ziqokonyiswa ngaphansi kwamaphesenti aphansi kakhulu kunasemabhange okuhweba, futhi ukubuya kwalezi zimali kuzohamba isikhathi eside nekusasa isikhathi eside. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi amaphrojekthi ajwayele ukwenziwa emazweni ampofu, okulinganiswa kwayo kwesikweletu akuvumeli imali yephrojekthi ye-NPP, amathuba okubuya kwemali etshaliwe futhi akonakele ngokuphelele. Akumangazi ukuthi imizamo yokuheha amaphrojekthi wamandla enuzi angaphandle kunoma yiziphi izimali, ayihlobene neziphathimandla zaseRussia, engxenyeni enkulu yehluleka. Uma ingxenye yezomnotho yemisebenzi yamazwe omhlaba yeRosatom iphakamisa imibuzo, khona-ke maqondana ne- "Geopolitic" ngaphezulu noma engabonakali kangako. Amaphrojekthi we-NPP emazweni ampofu yithuluzi lethonya elisebenzayo elikuvumela ukuthi udale ukuncika kubuchwepheshe baseRussia, inhlokodolobha kanye nokuhlolwa. Ngokwezinga elincane, lisebenza nasemazweni "anobungane" aseRussia.
Eminyakeni eyi-10 ngemuva kweFukushima, sazithola sisemhlabeni lapho unjiniyela wamandla enuzi eqala kakhulu ngokwengeziwe ngenkatho. Amazwe asathuthuka abonga i-rosatom yaba yindawo yokugcwaliswa kwendawo ethile "yobukoloni" ethile. Ngenkathi amazwe athuthukile enza ukubandakanyeka kwezitshalo zamandla enuzi futhi, ngisho naseRussia, ama-reactors amaningi ayakhiwa njengoba kudingeka ukufaka okunye ukuphuma ekusebenzeni. Uma ulalela izinkulumo zezikhulu - senza ukubheja kumandla we-athomu. Uma wahlulelwa yizinto, kusobala ukuthi amandla we-athomu e-kremlin asebeke ngokwengeziwe ngethuluzi lethonya lamazwe omhlaba, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwalo ezweni kulahlekelwe kuqala. Leli thonya lizobiza umkhokhi wentela waseRussia hhayi ama- $ 100 billion ngesitshalo samandla enuzi sangaphandle. Okokuqala, i-rosatom ngeke ime. Okwesibili, kuzothunyelwa emazweni ampofu eRussia echitheke uphethiloli wenuzi, enye yezinhlobo zemfucuza yenuzi ekhiqizwa izitshalo zamandla enuzi. ERussia uqobo, njengasentshonalanga, isiphetho sokuxhashazwa kwezitshalo zakudala zamandla enuzi, okusho imfucuza nezindleko zenuzi ezengeziwe.
Iminyaka eyi-10-20 elandelayo izoba yisikhathi sezindleko ezinkulu emiphumeleni yokusebenzisa amandla we-athomu. Nesikhathi senani elikhula ngokushesha lobungozi obuhambisana nokuqongelelwa kwemfucuza yenuzi. Inani lezinto ezizogcinwa lizokhuphuka, kusho ukuthi kuzoba nzima ngokwengeziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha, futhi ubungozi bokuvuza kwemisebe buzokwanda. Siyethemba ukuthi i-Fukushima entsha ngeke ingezwe kulezi zinkinga kwesinye sezinto ze-geopolitical ze-rosatom. Ngaphandle kwalokho kufanele ukhokhele okuningi ngalokho.
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