Ukutshalwa kwezimali, ikakhulukazi emakethe yamasheya, kungahle kubonakale kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukubathatha ngokwazo. Eqinisweni, wonke umuntu angabaqonda, udinga nje ukuhlola imininingwane ngokucophelela.
"Thatha futhi wenze" utshela ukuthi uzoqala kuphi ukutshala imali - kusuka kunhloso yegoli nokukhethwa kwezinsimbi ngaphambi kokukhanyisa uhlelo nezenzo zokuqala.
1. Beka umgomo
Noma yikuphi ukutshalwa kwemali kufanele kube nenhloso. Ngaphandle kwayo, ingozi enkulu yokuphuka nokusebenzisa ukunqwabelana kwento yokuqala ekhangayo. Nazi izibonelo zezinhloso ezingakhethwa ukutshalwa kwezimali okuzayo:
- Ukuthenga okukhulu (efulethini, indlu, imoto, imishini);
- iphrojekthi enkulu (ukulungisa, ukuthuthela kwelinye idolobha noma izwe);
- Uhambo;
- imfundo;
- Imali engenayo;
- impesheni.
2. Susa izikweletu ezinkulu
Uma unemalimboleko enezinga lephesenti eliphakeme kunenzuzo elinganiselwe yokutshalwa kwemali, ngqa ukuvala. Ngaphandle kwalokho, uzohlala ku-minus, ngoba intshisekelo ezikweletini izodambisa izinzuzo zenzuzo enkulu ekutshalweni kwemali.
3. Yakha imali yezezimali
I-Machial Reserve iyisitoko semali yezimo eziphuthumayo njengokulahleka komsebenzi, izinkinga zempilo ezingazelelwe, ukwehla kwemishini emikhulu, njll. Ukugcina kuzosiza ukubamba inqobo nje uma inkinga ixazululwa. Isibonelo, ngaphambi kokuthola umsebenzi kanye nomholo wokuqala endaweni entsha. Ngokufanelekile, indawo yokugcina imali kufanele yanele izinyanga ezingama-3-6 zokuphila ngaphandle kwemali engenayo. Ukutshalwa kwemali ngaphandle kokugcina imali kuhlotshaniswa nengozi. Esimweni esiphuthumayo sokuqala kuzofanela sithengise impahla. Ngenxa yalokhu, singalahlekelwa yingxenye yenani labo, uma ngesikhathi sempahla yokuthengisa ebuzwa ngemali.
4. Khetha ithuluzi lokutshala imali
- Amadiphozithi. Babhekwa njengotshalomali oluphephile, ngoba izindleko zemali zivame ukuzinza ngisho nokuthathwa kwamanani entengo. Ukuvikela ukunqwabelana kuyo futhi kwandise inhlokodolobha kancane, tshala imali kuma-akhawunti wokonga ngezinkokhelo zenzalo.
- Impahla. Imvamisa, abatshalizimali bayithenge ngokuthengisa kabusha noma ukuqasha. Owokuqala ukuvumela ukuthi wenze inzuzo ngomehluko phakathi kokuthenga nokuthengisa, bese okwesibili kuyimali ejwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezezakhiwo ezithengiswayo kudinga izindleko zesikhathi esibalulekile kanye nenhloko-dolobha yokuqala yokuqala.
- Ezinye izimpahla ezibonakalayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izimoto, umsebenzi wobuciko, ama-collectible, amatshe ayigugu nezinsimbi.
- Stock. Amasheya okuthenga, uba ngumnikazi wengxenye yenkampani eyayibakhipha. Amasheya angakhula noma awele ngentengo, bese kuba umphumela wezezimali wokutshala imali kuzoba umehluko phakathi kwentengo yokuthenga nokuthengisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani ingabelana ngengxenye yenzuzo futhi ibeke izabelo zezinzuzo kubaninimasheya.
- Amabhondi. Ukuthenga isibopho, unikeza umsebenzi wokubhekana nalowo ukhiphe iphepha elibalulekile. Zingaba izinkampani ezizimele, izifunda noma izifunda noma umbuso kamasipala. Intengo yemakethe yama-bond izinguquko ngendlela efanayo nakwizitoko, ngakho-ke umtshalizimali angathola umehluko phakathi kwentengo yokuthenga nokuthengisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Bond Issurer ikhokha intshisekelo ngesilinganiso esichazwe kwi-Prospectus yezokuphepha. Imvamisa kabili ngonyaka.
- Imali. Lezi zizinhlangano ezizimele eziqoqa amaphothifoliyo wezokuphepha enziwe ngomumo: amasheya, amabhondi, njll ukuthenga ingxenye yesisekelo, uthola ucezu lwephothifoliyo yokutshala imali ethembeni lokukhulisa izindleko zalo ngokuphelele. Izimali zingakusiza uqoqe iphothifoliyo elilinganiselayo ngaphandle kokuthenga ngakunye ngokwahlukana bese ulandela amandla entengo.
Ukutshala imali kwimpahla emithathu yokugcina uzodinga ukuvula i-akhawunti yabathengisi.
5. Hlola ithuluzi elikhethiwe
Ithuluzi ngalinye lokutshala imali linama-nuances alo. Zihlole ngaphambi kokutshala imali. Njengoba imithombo yolwazi ifanele:
- izingosi ezikhethekile ze-inthanethi zabatshalizimali abaqalayo;
- Izincwadi nezincwadi (ngokwesibonelo, umkhandlu odumile weBenjamin Graham "umtshalizimali onengqondo");
- Izifundo eziku-inthanethi ezivela kubathengi abakhulu kunabo bonke noma kumasayithi e-inthanethi (ngokwesibonelo, i-EDX noma i-Coursera);
- Ama-podcasts wokutshala imali;
- Izindawo zezinhlangano zezindaba lapho ungalandela khona izehlakalo zakamuva emhlabeni wezimali.
6. Thola ukuthi utshalomali luhlukile ekuqageleni
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kuyizimpahla zezimali noma izinto ezibonakalayo ezitholakele ukuthola imali eyengeziwe noma ukukhulisa izindleko ngokuzayo. Ukuqagela kuwukuthenga kwezezimali nokuthengisa. Kuhlotshaniswa nengozi ebalulekile yokulahleka kwazo zonke izindleko, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ngokulindela izinzuzo ezibalulekile. Okokutshala imali kuyisici:
- isikhathi eside sokuhlela umkhathi;
- isilinganiso sengozi;
- Izinqumo ngokuya ngezinkokhelo nezinkomba zezezimali.
Izinhlobo ze-specs ziyahlukaniswa:
- isikhathi esifushane phakathi kokuthenga nokuthengisa impahla;
- amazinga anobungozi obukhulu;
- Izixazululo ezisuselwa kwidatha yezobuchwepheshe (ngokwesibonelo, ishadi lenani lamasheya), i-Market Psychology kanye nombono womuntu we-Spepperat.
Ukuqagela kubeka engcupheni enkulu yokulahlekelwa yimali, ngakho-ke kufanele baqaphele futhi bangadideki ngokutshalwa kwemali.
7. Yenza uhlelo bese uqala ukutshala imali
- Nquma isabelomali. Cabanga ukuthi ungangeza kangakanani ukuze utshale imali. Lokhu kungaba ngumnikelo wesikhathi esisodwa (ngokwesibonelo, uma ufuna ukutshala imali oyilondolozile) noma njalo ngenyanga. Endabeni yokugcina, kunconywa ukwaba imali ekutshalweni kwemali kuze kube ngu-20% wemali etholwa njalo ngenyanga. Uma kubonakala kunedijithi enkulu kakhulu, vele uhlehlise ukuthi ukade kangakanani manje, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wandise inani.
- Faka umnqamulajuqu. Nquma isikhathi ositshala ngayo imali. Kuya ngenhloso yakho. Abanye banguhlamvu lwesikhathi eside (ngokwesibonelo, efulethini nempesheni), abanye bayisikhashana (ukuhamba nokulungiswa).
- Izinga lokubamba iqhaza ekutshalweni kwemali. Cabanga ukuthi ukubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo kangakanani uzimisele ukuthatha ukudweba iphothifoliyo yakho. Abatshalizimali bahlukaniswe abasebenzayo (bona ngokwabo bacosha amathuluzi, balandele ngentshiseko ama-dynamics amanani abo futhi bakhokhele isikhathi esiningi) futhi bakhethe imali (bakhetha ukutshala imali kwizikhwama, lapho sekubuthene khona iphothifoliyo).
- Ubungozi. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kunoma yimaphi amathuluzi ahlangana nengozi. Ngakho-ke, tshala kuphela leyo mali ongeke uyidinge ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Futhi chaza ukuthi hlobo luni lomdwebo wephothifoliyo olungiselelwe ukwamukela, futhi okungelona. Ngokuya ngezinga lengozi, khetha izinsimbi zokutshala imali ezilondoloziwe zephothifoliyo (amadiphozithi, amabhondi) noma, kunalokho, okunolaka (amasheya).