Ngokwemiphumela yezinyanga eziyi-11 zika-2020, ezifundeni ezingama-30 zaseRussia, inkomba yokukhiqiza yezimboni (IPP) ihle. Okokunye okuqopha ukwehla ekukhiqizweni. Ngokuvamile, izwe lisusa ku-3.1%, futhi esifundeni saseTula - ukukhuphuka kwe-16.6% ngokushesha. Isifunda esikulesi sibonisi siphakathi kwezihloko ezinhlanu ezinhle kakhulu zomnotho wezwe, naphezu kobhubhane. Lowo obhekayo kwezomnotho we-tula Business Journal Alexander Savenkov wabheka izibalo ezibalulekile futhi waqamba iziphetho.
Hhayi isikhali kuphela, kodwa futhi nenhlokodolobha yezimboni?
Isici esibonakalayo somnotho wethu ukuqondiswa kwayo kwezimboni. Ngokwemiphumela ka-2019, cishe ama-45% omkhiqizo wesifunda ngokuphelele (VRP) esifundeni saseTula wanikeza indawo yokucubungula. Lesi yisibalo esiphezulu kakhulu eRussia. EMoscow, ngokwesibonelo, yi-13.5% kuphela. Okunye ukuhweba, amabhange, ukwelashwa kwe-icy.
Ngabe lokhu kusho ukuthi iTula "yinhloko-dolobha yezimboni" yaseRussia? Kuyavela ukuthi yebo.
Azikho ngaphezu kwamashumi amabili ezifunda ezingama-85. Endaweni yesibili Lipetsk (isabelo semboni eVRP - 42%). Nge-lag encane ngemuva kwe-Onyk, i-Yekaterinburg, Kaluga, Vladimir, Samara, Cherepovets. Kwezinye izindawo, umnotho ubusa ngohlobo lwempahla ethengiswa kabusha, kanye nezokuvakasha, ezemidlalo, izindawo zokudlela, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwegesi kawoyela, ihlathi, igolide, amadayimane. Ngokuvamile, eRussia Federation, isabelo somkhakha womkhiqizo omkhulu - 24% (eminyakeni engama-40 edlule kwakungu-54%).
Sibheka inkomba eyodwa ebaluleke kakhulu yezomnotho - Ukuhanjiswa kwabathengi bemikhiqizo nezinsizakalo. Ezinyangeni eziyi-10, zonke izinhlobo zezimpahla ze-tula zathengiswa ngama-rube ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-712, ukukhula kwemininingwane yesikhathi esifanayo sika-2019% kungenye yezithasiselo eziphakeme kakhulu eRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqaliswa kwezimpahla zezezimboni ngokunembile kungama-ruble angama-645 billion ama-ruble (ama-minerals - amaminerali, amandla okulahla imfucuza), noma ama-90% wokuhlinzekwa okuphelele. Elinye irekhodi.
Emikhondweni "eyinhloko yomnotho wethu. Ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-100-110 - lokhu kuyivolumu yokuthengisa kwemikhiqizo ngamabhizinisi amathathu embonini: chemistry, metallurgy kanye nokuvikela. Cishe ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-80 anikeze imboni yokudla. Ngokubambisana, le mikhakha emine yezomnotho "ibamba" ngaphezu kwengxenye yenani eliphelele. Iqhaza lemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi, imikhiqizo yobunjiniyela ezenzakalelayo kanye nezolimo, ezolimo nazo ziyabonakala.
Futhi eminyakeni engaba ngu-30 edlule, isifunda sasiphakathi kwezifunda ezibuthakathaka eziyi-15 zaseRussia ngokuya ngokukhiqizwa kwezolimo. Ngaleso sikhathi, asizange sizinikeze ngokugcwele ngalutho ngaphandle kwe-vodka nobhiya. Okusanhlamvu kwesinkwa sokubhaka futhi wenza uMacaroni eKrasnodar, eStavropol. Isabelo se-APK kwivolumu ye-VRP asizange sidlule ama-2,5%. Namuhla, le nokwabelana yi-7.5%. Esikhundleni sokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwangaphambilini, imboni ithola inzuzo enetha lama-ruble angama-2.0-3,5 billion ngonyaka. "Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezezimali" Isisebenzi ngasinye siphakeme ka-5 kunasemkhakheni wasebhange, kanye nezikhathi eziyi-1.5 kunobunjiniyela bemishini. Ivolumu yokuthumela ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo yeTula Actorian eminyakeni emi-5 inyuke izikhathi ezi-2,5.
Kufakwe irekhodi lomlando eqoqweni okusanhlamvu ngo-2020 - amathani ayizigidi ezingama-2,6. Isitoko esinamandla. I-Tula, phakathi kwezihloko ezinhlanu ezinhle kakhulu zaseRussia kumazambane naku-rapeseed uwoyela. Ngonyaka wamanje, sandisa ukukhiqizwa kwengulube kwikota. Lesi sifunda ngomunye wabaholi esifundeni esiseCentral Federal yenyama yenkukhu, imifino, soya, uwoyela wommbila. Abalimi bethu baqinisekisa ngokugcwele izidingo zabantu besifunda cishe nazo zonke izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yendawo yokudla, ngaphandle kobisi, uwoyela wezilwane nenyama yenkomo. By the way, ngokusho kokugcina okungekho kude kusukela ngesikhathi sokugcwala kwemakethe.
Ukukhiqiza kwangempela cishe kungaphandle kwethonya lobhubhane
Engxenyeni yezinhlangano eziholayo ezihola phambili emhlabeni, kunezibikezelo ezimbalwa impela emiphumeleni yobhubhane lomnotho. Abaningi abesabise ngezeluleko zokuvakasha, indawo ethengiswayo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ezemidlalo, amasiko, izindawo zokudlela. Yize emazweni ahlukene isimo asifani. Kepha iningi labo (naseRussia) amahhovisi nezitolo selivele lingenalutho. Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kukhula emkhakheni wamabhizinisi amancane.
Kepha maqondana nokukhiqizwa kwangempela (imboni, amandla, ezolimo, izindlu kanye nokwakha imikhakha yokwakha), isiphetho sabachwepheshe "sijabule ngokucophelela." Cishe kuyo yonke indawo lezi zimboni bezingamelana nazo, izikhundla ezigciniwe, zandisa ijubane. Isizathu esiyinhloko siyaqondakala. Ngaphandle kwezokuvakasha, amakhonsathi noma izindawo zokudlela, vele, kuyisicefe. Kepha ungaphila, wehlise izidingo, uhlupheke. Ngaphandle kokudla, imithi, ukukhanya, ukushisa, amanzi nazo zonke izinhlobo zemishini - cha. Kuliqiniso, lapha amavolumu okuthengisa nawo awela ekuqaleni kobhubhane, kepha ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha alulame. Futhi esifundeni saseTula - uRose ngezinhlobo eziphambili zemikhiqizo ngo-5-20%.
Ezinye izinkomba. Ukuthumela ngaphandle kwezinyanga eziyi-9 kukhombise ama-volumes ama-dollar angama-2,0 ama-USiliyoni aseMelika - indawo yesihlanu esifundeni esiseCentral Federal, kanye nokuthekelisa okungenisa ngaphakathi izikhathi ezi-2,5, isikhundla sesithathu. Kakhulu, ukuthekelisa kuyizinsimbi, amakhemikhali amakhemikhali, izikhali.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali ezindaweni ezihleliwe kuyinkomba eyinhloko yesimo sezulu sokuthuthuka komnotho eminyakeni ezayo. Ngokuvamile, izwe lavela ngo-20%. Sincipha ngowesithathu. Ngokuya ngokuncipha kokutshalwa kwezimali, izigaba zeSifunda zihlala zihlala futhi esifundeni esisenkabeni, naseRussia zizonke.
Kodwa-ke, ungakhohlwa: Ngo-2019, saba nerekhodi lokutshala imali. Manje ukwehla kwezikhathi ezimbili ekuthuthukisweni okutshaliwe edolobheni laseTula, kanye nasendaweni ekhethekile yezomnotho eNodal, e-Effemov naseVomoskoskovsk. Abatshalizimali banqume ukulinda. Banelungelo. Ukusebenza ekulahlekelweni kugcwele.
Kepha esifundeni saseShchekinsky, ukukhula kwezimali ekuthuthukisweni kwezikhathi ezi-3.5, kuze kufike kuma-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-15,0. Amakhemikhali endawo aletha ubuchwepheshe obusha, anwebise umkhiqizo ngokufunwa emakethe.
Inani eliphelele le- "Tula" Ukutshalwa Kwezimali lingama-ruble angama-78.0 billion - indawo yesi-7 esifundeni esiseCentral Federal (ngonyaka owedlule sasisesimweni sesi-5).
Inzuzo eyeqile ngokulahleka esikalini sesifunda izinyanga eziyi-9 - kanye nama-ruble angama-47,6 billion. 27.4% ephansi kunonyaka owedlule. Kepha, okokuqala, sisenkambeni "enhle", hhayi phakathi kwama-40% ezifunda zaseRussia, lapho umnotho wawela khona umonakalo. Okwesibili, izintela zicishe zifinyelele ezingeni lokuhle kakhulu ngonyaka owedlule. Isabelomali seTula sibhekana ngempumelelo nezibopho zenhlalo.
Imali engenayo, izindleko, amanani ...
Usayizi ojwayelekile wokuthola imali izinyanga eziyi-10 cishe ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-40. Indawo yesine esifundeni esiseCentral Federal ngemuva kwenhloko-dolobha, isifunda saseMoscow, uKaluga. Khulisa inani kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka, 5.4%. Ngokweqiniso, kucatshangelwa amanani asemthethweni okukhuphuka kwamanani, akhula nge-2.8%.
Imali engenayo ehlala eTula Region - ama-ruble angama-27,852 ngenyanga nangendawo yesi-8 enesizotha esifundeni esiseCentral Federal. Ukusetshenziswa okumaphakathi - ama-ruble angama-22 160. Okusho ukuthi, sine-2.0% yemali namuhla, kepha sichitha i-6.2% ngaphansi konyaka owedlule. Umnotho. Kepha hhayi ekudleni: Ukuthenga kokudla kwavuka izinyanga eziyi-12 nge-5-8%. Kepha imikhiqizo engeyona yokudla (ngaphandle kwemithi, amakhompyutha kanye nokuxhumana kweselula), sithenga ngaphansi kwe-15-20%. Ezitolo zokudlela, i-cinema, ama-stym nama-nightclub ahamba ama-35% ngaphansi kaningi. Kulezi zibalo ezingenhla kuyacaca ukuthi njalo ngenyanga kaThayaya Shiya "ezandleni" zama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-5-6 nge-capita ngayinye. Futhi idiphozi eliphakathi lebhange namuhla lineminyaka engaphezu kwe-180 lingabahlali bendawo. Isikhundla inombolo 9 esifundeni esiseCentral Federal.
Ubhubhane "wadte" imisebenzi?
Ekuqalisweni kwangempela, sizovimba okuningi. Imithombo yezindaba ebabazekayo neyasesifundazwe yangena ngaphansi kwezihloko zohlobo: "Ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi eTula ezinyangeni ezintathu kwanda izikhathi ezi-6." Yini engalungile lapha?
Ekuqaleni konyaka, abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-30 abafuna umsebenzi besewusezinkulungwane ezingama-41. Ukukhuphuka ngama-33% cishe ngenxa yebhizinisi elincane. Isabelo sabantu abangasebenzi kusuka kubo bonke abantu abasebenza iminyaka engu-5.1% ku-6.5% eRussia siphelele.
Futhi izikhathi ezi-6 inani leTuyakov lithola izinzuzo zokuntuleka kwemisebenzi (izinkulungwane ezingama-24 namuhla, izinkulungwane eziyi-4 ngaphambili) zanda amahlandla ayisithupha. Kepha phambilini, isibonelelo besiphansi kakhulu. Abantu baphila, bakhipha isitifiketi futhi bathola imali. Konke lokhu "umuzwa."
Ensimini, izakhamuzi zakwamanye amazwe ezingaba ngu-25-30 zisebenza ngokusemthethweni. Kulaba, abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-15 abavela e-Ukraine, abayizinkulungwane ezingama-3-5 bangabavakashi abavela eBelarus naseMoldova, izinkulungwane eziyishumi kusukela emazweni aseTranscaucasia, enkabeni ye-Asia, kanye neVietnam neChina.
Amabhizinisi esifundeni ayadingeka kubasebenzi abayizinkulungwane ezingama-23-25. Ama-80% ezikhala - ubuchwepheshe bezisebenzi: Imishini efanelekayo, abasebenza ngokufakwa kwamakhemikhali, ama-metallurgists, izibhamu. Ngenkathi umsebenzi ufuna izingane zesikole izolo ezingatholanga amayunivesithi kanye nezikole zezobuchwepheshe, ama-accountants eduze nobudala bokuthatha umhlalaphansi. Isidingo nokusikisela akuhambelani.
Mayelana namanani: kuya ngokuthi ungalibala kanjani
Isimo ngentengo yezitolo kungenye enye inkomba efuna ukwazi. Kepha nansi umusho osetshenzisiwe - kuya ngokuthi ungabalwa kanjani.
Uma uthatha idatha yeRosstat kuyo yonke impahla ye- "Polyana" yezimpahla (izinto ezingaphezu kuka-1 000), amanani entengo esifundeni akhuphuke ngo-4.0%, naseRussia - ngo-4.2%. Mizere. Uma ukhawulela kuphela ngemikhiqizo ebalulekile yokudla (izihloko ezintathu), ukukhula kwakungu-8.6%. Ekugcineni, ngokohlobo oludumile kakhulu lokudla, izinto eyodwa nezingxenye eziyishumi, ukukhuphuka kwamanani kwenzeka ngo-14%.
Ngezansi kwezinkomba zezinhlobo ezithile zokudla esifundeni saseTula izinyanga eziyi-20:
I-Buckwheat + 40%, ushukela + 65%, amafutha zemifino + 21%, ama-apula + 35%, amasose + 7%, ukhilimu we-16%, ukhilimu webhotela + u-6.7%, inyama ( Ingulube nenkomo) +4.1, iklabishi + 25%.
Futhi ngasikhathi sinye sehla ngentengo: Iqanda lingu-3.0%, inkukhu ngama-2,5%, ukhukhamba omusha ngama-35%, utamatisi omusha ngo-5.0%, i-ayisikhilimu inhlanzi nge-2.0% nge-2.0%.
UMengameli wePutin Putin uthembise ngonyaka owedlule. Kulindelwe, izinyanga ezizayo zizobanjwa ngaphansi kophawu lokulwa nezindleko eziphakeme.
Ekuphothulweni kwesibalo se- "PostPracket". Ekupheleni konyaka, intengo yengxenye esezingeni eliphakeme yesaladi "Olivier" eyenziwe ngesoseji ebilisiwe, amazambane, izaqathe, ukhukhamba, imayonnaise, ukhilimu omuncu, ngokwesiko kubhekwa .
Wonke umuntu uyakholelwa ngendlela yawo. Ngokusho kwezinhlangano ezimbili - ukuhweba okuthengiswayo kanye nentengo ephelele - intengo yokugcina yama-ruble angama-312. 1% ebiza kakhulu kunonyaka owedlule. Okusho ukuthi, isaladi yoNyaka oMusha akuyona ukwehla kwamandla emali.
Izindleko "ze-Olivier" efanayo ethathwa njengenkampani - opharetha wedatha yezimali. Ingxenye ibize ama-ruble angama-357, noma ama-8.5% abiza kakhulu kune-Salad "Yonyaka Wokugcina". Ukuthola umphumela onjalo, opharetha ahlaziye imininingwane ngamanani entengo yomkhiqizo ngamunye, afunde amasheke angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-23.