Namuhla, amaJuda anombuso wawo, kanti enye ingxenye yalesi sizwe ihlala esifundeni samanye amazwe. Kepha lapho bebezongabafokazi "eYurophu, ngokukholwa kwabo, amasiko namasiko abo. Okunye kuhlale kungaqondakali, okusho omunye umuntu. Ngakho-ke ukuvezwa okuningi kwama-anti-Semitism, okuvela eminyakeni ephakathi. Kepha umbuzo oyinhloko uhlala: Njengabantu abanomsuka (Middle East), usuningi eYurophu, nakwamanye amadolobha oMbuso WaseRussia ngekhulu le-19 futhi nakancane bafinyelela kumaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-30?
Okuphathekayo
Ekupheleni kwe-2nd ne-1 yeminyaka eyinkulungwane, izizwe zamaJuda zaqala ukuvelela ezizweni zamaSemite. Kwakungokwabantu bokuqala, phakathi kwawo okubonakalayo kwasungulwa - ukholo kuNkulunkulu munye. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu bathola amagama amabili: amaJuda (njenge-ethnos) namaJuda (njengokholo). Ngokushesha badale umbuso wabo, ababusi abadumile kakhulu kwakunguDavid noSolomoni. Kusukela eHeberu kwakungelula: Ngaphandle kokuphikisana okuningana kwangaphakathi, bekukhona izingxabano ezivame kakhulu zomakhelwane. Ekuqaleni, abase-Asiriya bahlasela uMbuso wamaJuda, wagcina wabhubhisa iBhabhiloni lasendulo. Esekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeminyaka yokuqala, iJudiya yaba yisifundazwe soMbuso WaseRoma. Siqale futhi ukushiya amazwe abo futhi siqhubeke nohambo olude. Ingxenye yaya empumalanga, e-India futhi yangezelela eSouth-West Asia, ingxenye - ukuya eNyakatho Afrika, bese kuthi-ke noma ngeGibraltar eYurophu noma i-Ethiopia, ingxenye yakwaMbusi waseRoma noma eNyakatho yoMbuso WaseRoma.
Umlando Sefardov
Ngekhulu le-7-8, amaJuda aseNyakatho Afrika awela ngaphansi kwamandla e-Arab Caliphate. Bathola inkululeko ethile kanye nelungelo lokuzinza endaweni yaseYurophu, emazweni anamuhla aseSpain. ISpain ngolimi lwabaJuda basendulo yabizwa ngokuthi "Sfarad", ngokulandelana, leli qembu lamaJuda laqala ukubiza uSefard. Babekhuluma ngolimi lwamali lwamali, olwela ngesisekelo solimi lwaseSpain. U-Evrei-Sephards emandleni ase-Arabi ahlanganyele kwezohwebo, wadala imiphakathi yawo, wakhulekelwa mahhala. Ngesikhathi se-Reconquitoes, abaseSpain bakwazi ukuxosha ama-Arabhu futhi bakha umbuso waseSpain. Ngemuva kuka-1492, amaJuda aseSepharda athola isimemezelo: noma ubuKristu buthatha, noma shiya iSpain.
Kwaqala ama-pogroms angamaJuda, umbono wawubhubhisa nemiphakathi yamaJuda. Ingxenye yeSefardov yafa, futhi ingxenye kwakungu-Asylum eMbusweni we-Ottoman. Bavunyelwa ukuba bahlale emazweni aseBalkan, idolobha laseGreek laseThessaloniki laba yisizinda seSefardov. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II, umphakathi wamaJuda wendawo waba yizisulu zokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Namuhla kunamaJuda angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1.5 emhlabeni, okuwo amadlozi aseSefardov. Cishe ingxenye ehlala kwa-Israyeli, i-Diaspora enkulu kunazo zonke - eFrance (cishe izinkulungwane ezingama-300).
Umlando u-Ashkenazi
Ekuqaleni kokuhlala kabusha okukhulu kwabantu, amanye amaJuda avela ePalestine athuthela emingceleni yoMbuso WaseRoma. Kwakufanele bahlanganyele umhlaba nezizwe zaseJalimane. Enye ingxenye yamaJuda yaba yilabo ababusayo eKhazar Kaganate, ababesendaweni ye-don naseVolga Basin. Ngekhulu le-10, izikhulu zaseRussia, iSvyatoslav naseVladimir The Vladimir The Vladimir The Vladimir The Great abhubhisa amandla eKhazar. Iningi lamaJuda laya entshonalanga, lihlala eJalimane. Ekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, igatsha elihlukile labantu abangamaJuda, ababekhuluma i-Yiddish yakhiwa. Lolu limi lwakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya laseJalimane. Leli qembu lamaJuda labizwa ngokuthi "ashikenazzzzzy", kusukela eminyakeni yokuqala ephakathi ne-Granny babiza i- "Ashkenaz". Emakhulwini amaJuda ayi-11 eJalimane, kwaqala ukushushiswa kwamaJuda. Iningi lemiphakathi yamaJuda yaqala ukubuza indawo yokukhosela ePoland. Inkulumo yokuqala ekhethekile yamaJuda yanikeza iNkosi uCasimir omkhulu. AmaJuda kwakukhona abathengisi, abanikazi bama-master, futhi ayevame ukuba ngabaphathi ezisekelweni zabafundi. Ngekhulu le-16, cishe ama-80% amaJuda aseYurophu asevele ePoland. Amasinagoge amakhulu kunawo wonke eKrakow, eLviv, eGrodno, eWarsaw nakwamanye amadolobha. UVilnius wabiza i-Lithuanian Jerusalema nhlobo. Namuhla eZholkva (Ukraine), isinagoge lesivikelo sekhulu le-17 selikhishwe, elibonisa ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi, imiphakathi yamaJuda ayizange iphile ngokuphepha. Ngisho nasePherishi lokukhosela. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, iningi lamaSulumane lasePoland langena eMbusweni Russian. Kuyo yonke izwe, kwaqhutshwa "ukulimala" - umugqa owawungakwazi ukushukunyiswa kuwo. Kwakhiwa umzamo wenziwa yiRussiach of amaJuda. Bathole izibongo zaseRussia, imvamisa behlonipha izindawo zokuhlangula: IBrodsky, Slutsky, njll. Enye yamadolobha amakhulu amaJuda kwakungu-Odessa.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, impilo embusweni waseRussia iye yanda, ukuvezwa okukhulu kwama-anti-Semitism kwaqala: Ama-pogroms angamaJuda, inkulumo-ze ("kaBaleis). AmaJuda ayenezindlela ezintathu: umzabalazo wezepolitiki, umzabalazo wezepolitiki futhi uzame ukuhlala. Njengomnotho kanye noNobel uLemwon Semyon, owokuqala waya eFrance, e-United States noma iPalestine, osomabhizinisi Futhi imali engenayo ephakeme yabavumela ukuba baphile ngokunethezeka. Ngemuva kuka-1917, inhlokobane yemvelaphi yamaJuda yasuka eRussia, yesaba amaBolsheviks. Into ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi umsuka wamaqembu amaningi oMbuso WaseRussia ngabantu bobuzwe bamaJuda, nokho, ukungena kwabo ezinhlwini zeSerc noma amaBolsheviks akhombisa ukuthi benqaba "isiRussiana".
Umbuzo wamaJuda kwezombusazwe zomhlaba
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, umbuzo wamaJuda waba lubalulekile emphakathini wezwe. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, uTheodore Herzl wayengowokuqala ukwakha izimiso zeZionism - Ubuzwe BamaJuda. Inhloso yakhe ukudala u-Israyeli. Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, ngo-1948, abangakwamukelanga ukuthi ubukhona bakwa-Israyeli, ukuphindisela okukhulu kwamaJuda kwaqala izwe elingokomlando. Ngasikhathi sinye, izimpi zama-Arabhu zakwa-Israyeli zaqala ilungelo lobunikazi bePalestine. AmaJuda eYurophu abe yizisulu zokuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Lawa kwakuyi-ashkenazy ne-sefard. UHitler akazange anake, noma ngabe i-ashkenazy yakhuluma ne-Yiddish, amanye amagama avela kumaJalimane. Namuhla ngeke sibone izwe elikhethekile, lamaJuda eYurophu, eliye lakhula emadolobheni amaningi aseCentral naseMpumalanga Yurophu. Futhi ngeke ngizwe yiYidisha, iningi lamaJuda likhuluma isiHeberu.