Kana zvasvika kune nzvimbo teresikopu, vanhu vazhinji vanotanga kurangarira hubble, kunyangwe mumakumi emakore emakore emakore apfuura vatumira mishonga yakawanda yakakosha munzvimbo. Imwe yeanonyanya kufadza - "Astron" izivikanwe zvishoma, asi zvakabudirira kwazvo, wakatangwa neSoviet Union 38 makore apfuura, musi waKurume 23, 1983. Iyi mishini yakashanda muOrbit kwemakore masere panzvimbo yegore rakarongwa uye rakaunganidza rakakosha reruzivo rwekuziva nezvematanho ari kure, nyeredzi uye mapoka enyeredzi.
Isu tichazosvitsa vaverengi vedu neSoviet Astronomical Observatory uye taura kuti chii chinoguma chacho chiri mishoni yawana.
Space otomatiki chiteshi "astron". Akafungei?
Kubva pakupera kwe1970s, masayendisiti eSovienti aida kugadzira system yemba anogona kunge akagona kushandisa kuongororwa kwezvikepe zvenyeredzi, mapoka enyeredzi uye zvimwe zvinhu muUltraviolet uye X-Ray Bands. MuX-Ray, Quastars, mabhegi matema uye mamwe miviri inonakidza yevayevedza, uye Ultraviolet radiation yeyeredzi inotaura nezvezvemakemikari zvadzo zvemakemikari uye tembiricha.
Dambudziko nderekuti X-rays risingasvike pasi, izvo zvinoitika zvemahara emamiriro ekunze, zvakafanana zvinoitika neUV radiation, iyo nzvimbo inosvika kuUV RAIYS chete (315-400 NM), asi ivo vari kwete kunakidza kwazvo sainzi. Naizvozvo, kuitisa kucherechedzwa mune aya marimi, iwe unofanirwa kusimuka kusvika pakureba, umo mamiriro ekunze asingadziviriri.
Chikamu chesainzi chechirongwa cheAstron chakapindurwa nechikwata chemhosva yekucherechedzwa kwechiitiko pasi pehutungamiri hweHofisi Alexander Boyrarch Zvekushanduka kweAppartus, pane izvo zviridzwa zvesainzi zvaifungidzirwa - iyo yekupedzisira kanzuru bureau yeNgo yakatumidzwa ST. Lavochkina. Panguva iyoyo, iyo Bureau nyanzvi yakavakirwa kwete imwe planetary probe.
MaSoviet Injiniya akasarudza kuti asagadzira "Basic" yekutakura kwezororo remangwana kubva kumhara, asi kusarudza chiteshi chakapedzwa chakabudirira kushanda munzvimbo. Paive nezvikonzero zviviri izvi:
- Kukurumidza kugadzirira muyedzo;
-Kuponesa papurojekiti.
Zvaive zvakafanira kuve chishandiso chingaitwe nhamba yezvakashata zvinodiwa. Ndiye:
- Unogona kutakura zvakakwana payload mune fomu yeiyo Optical tescope ine spectrometer yekunyoresa iyo denderedzwa uye nyeredzi muUV yeUV uye X-ray terescope spectrometer;
- yakadzivirirwa zvakanyatsonaka kubva pamhedzisiro yezuva redu;
- Ini ndaigona kugara mu ordbit, pane iyo mhedzisiro yebhandi redhi repasi raizove zvishoma.
Iyo Soviet Union yaive nemidziyo yakadaro. Muzvaida zvese, iyo ven Series yaive yakakodzera, iyo venus - 15.
Chokwadi, usati waisa teresikopu mune bhodhi chiteshi, chakachinja zvishoma. Yakabviswa kubva kuiyo mota kuisirwa, iyo yakatumira chiteshi chekutevera kwekuparara kwePasi-venus uye kune avo vanoisa cylinder nzvimbo mbiri dzakabatanidzwa, dzakabatanidzwa, Solar panels, mafuta matangi ane Yakamanikidzwa gasi kuitira kuti chiteshi chomunatidziro chingashandurwe, radiators, chimbo chezviridzwa nemagetsi, Antenna.
Injiniya dzakachinja uye nzvimbo yeye Optical-zvemagetsi sensors ane chekuita ne "nyeredzi". Dai ivo vakasiiwa nenzira imwe chete apo vaimira pa "Venus - 15", maererano nezvikwangwani zvevasina kutenderedza axis axis mhedzisiro, haina kugona kuongorora iyo yakakwira nzvimbo yedenga.
Zvishandiso "Astrona"
Iyo huru yesainzi kifaa "nyeredzi" ndeye Ultraviolet maviri-metres system "quiny". Akayera anenge 400 kg. Iyo Dhivha yeMain Girazi is 80 CM, iyo Focal Yakareba Miromo ndeye 26 Cm, iyo Focal Hurefu .
Iyo yakaiswa neTeresikope yaisanganisira iyo Ultraviolet sps spectrometer, iyo yakagadzirwa mukubatana neFrance. Chishandiso chacho chakange chine matatu ekuisa diaframms iyo inobvumidzwa kudzidza matatu marudzi ezvinhu: nyeredzi dzakajeka, dzine simba redhi miviri uye yakadai seNebula, comet. Iyo mudziyo wakanyorwa radiation mune wavelength komputa kubva pa110 kusvika ku350 NM uye kubva pa190 kusvika pa650 nm.
Imwe chimbo cheyenzi "Intronomer" ndiyo X-ray terescope-spectrometer yeTRR-02m, iyo yakasikwa mumadziro eSadenga yeUSSr pasi pehutungamiriri hweAstrophyss Andrei North kubva kuHurare North Nyeredzi institute. Sternberg. Iyo mudziyo waisanganisira maviri ekuona uye zvemagetsi zvemagetsi uye zvichitenderwa kudzidza zvinhu zvezvinhu, senge nyeredzi dzeNetroni, chena madhiri. Vanoongorora vakanyorwa X-Ray radiation mune kubva kune kubva ku2 kusvika ku25 Kev uye vaigona kuyera yega yega 2.30 migallis, iyo yakaita kuti igone kutarisa zvinokurumidza kuchinja zviitiko.
Iro ruzivo rwakawana sei "Astron"?
Musi waMarch 23, 1983, iyo Proton inotakura roketi yakaunza soviet nzvimbo yekucherechedzwa. Perifulu yeTeresikopE orbits (iyo orbit iri padyo nepasi) yaive pakakwirira ye 2,000 km A orbit yakadaro inotenderwa "astron" 90% yenguva yekuitisa rondedzero yesainzi mumabhandi epasi, akaiswa mitezo yemidziyo yemidziyo. Uye zvakare, iyi orbit "yakachengetedzwa" kubva kune yakasimba kupenya kwe geocongenon, iyo inogumisa kunzwa kweUV Zvidzidzo.
Imwezve yekuwedzera kweiyo orbit - nyanzvi dzeSoviet dzinogona kuramba dzichitarisa "astron" kubva pazvinhu zvavo pasi, izvo zvakavatendera kuti vatangezve kusvika pamashoko eredhiyo zana panguva yegore.
[Chinyorwa pane iyo nyaya: Sezvo iyo US uye iyo USSR, mwedzi waida kupomerwa]
"Asttron" yakaitisa kucherechedzwa maawa 3-4 pazuva. Iyo teresikopu inogona kuongorora nzvimbo yekudenga mumaminetsi gumi nemaviri, uchiita kune imwe chikamu kusvika pamakumi manomwe ezviuru. Chiteshi chakashanda mumamiriro ezvinhu
Munguva yebasa muOrbit, astronus yakagamuchira data pamazana ema-x-ray zvinyorwa, akawanda emibvunzo uye mapoka enyeredzi.
MunaApril 1986, kucherechedzwa kweSoviet vaiita kudzidza kweiyo Comet Hallelle uye vakabatsira masayendisiti kuti vawane iwo chaiwo mwero wekuveza kwechinhu cheCometiki, kutsamwiswa kwegasi kwakasimba kana uchisvika kuzuva.
Zvakare, masayendisiti eSystems akashandisa "astron" yeUV kucherechedzwa kweOzone mumamiriro epasi, kuti anzwisise kuti zvikamu zvekutanga zvinokanganisa sei ozone layer. Ruzivo urwu rwaive rwakakodzera kune zvese zvakatipoteredza uye zvehondo zvidzidzo.
Muna 1987, masayendisiti akashandisa chiono cheSoviet uye nekuda kwekutarisa kweSuplnova. MunaFebruary, Planet yedu yasvika pachiedza chekubuda kweSupernova Sn 1987a, yakaitika muGula Galaxy Hombe Magtel Gore. Yakanga iri iyo inopenya uye yakanyanya kuvhara kubuda kweSupernova kubvira pakavambwa zveTeresikopu. "Astron" mumwe wevane wekutanga kuongorora chiitiko ichi, chidzidzo chakaenda kwemwedzi gumi nemashanu. Soviet vabati venyeredzi vakaziva kuti Sn 1987a haina kumuka panguva yekubuda kwenyeredzi inotonhora yekunyora, sezvo nyanzvi zhinji dzinotenda panguva, uye kana iyo Supergiant ichiputirwa.
Hechino zvimwe zvimwe zvakawanikwa zveAstrona. Nerubatsiro rwetemberi, zvaive zvichiita kuona izvo:
- Kunyangwe kubva kune nyeredzi dzenyeredzi, chinhu chinogona kubvumidzwa, uye, mune huwandu hukuru, kusvika kune mazana emamirioni emamiriyoni emamiriyoni. Sezvineiwo, pane nyeredzi inopisa, iyo yakasimba kusunungurwa, kumhanya dzimwe nguva kunosvika kminopfuura 1000 km / c;
- Mukuumbwa kwemakemikari emhepo yedzimwe nyeredzi, kusungirirwa kwakanyanya kweranium, kutungamira, tungsten yakawanikwa. Kubva panoonekwa zvinhu izvi ipapo, ndisiri pachena;
Idzi nedzimwe data rakabatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani kushanduka kwenyeredzi uye mapoka enyeredzi, uye zvakare akazova rakakosha ruzivo rwemashoko emagazini.
Iyo yeAstron chirongwa chakabatsirawo kugadzirisa huwandu hwenhamba dzakakosha dzehunyanzvi. Semuenzaniso, nyanzvi dzakachengetedzwa kugadzira hurongwa hweAstrojector, izvo zvinogona kutungamira teresikopu nekunyatsojeka. Izvo zvakazoitwa zviitwe zviyero zvakatetepa uye zvinokudziridza hunyanzvi hwekushandisa zvakanaka zvejasi ravo rekudzivirira, kugadzira muviri weTereskope unokwanisa kuratidzwa kunowedzera kuratidzwa uye kudzivirira kuparadzanisa.
Makore masere ebasa
Mushure megore rekutanga rebasa muOrbit mumatangi eAstrona, pachine gasi rakaringana rekufambisa, uye mano mano aive akanaka, saka masayendisiti akafunga kuwedzera basa reTeresikopu.
Muna 1989, kucherechedza mafuta anochengeterwa mafuta uye nemikana yakarasika yekuunza maturusi avo kune chinangwa. Chikamu chekupedzisira chekutaurirana redhiyo neAnghtnomer zvakaitika munaKurume 23, 1991, mushure meizvoku iri basa rakapera zviri pamutemo. Mudenga, teresikopu akashanda kwemakore masere.
Kuti uwane basa rakabudirira, timu yeinjiniya yeSoviet uye venyeredzi venyeredzi vakapiwa mubairo weHurumende yeUSSR.
Izvo zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa nemunyori paunenge uchigadzirira zvinhu izvi:- Gwaro riri mutungamiri wezvidzidzo zveSainzi veUSSR "Orbital Astronomical Observatory" astron ", iyo yakagadzirirwa neAnghtrophysician amborts;
- Bhuku rinonzi "Astrophysical fundo paStron Space Station." Yakagadziriswa na.a. Boararchk:
- Chinyorwa: "Space zvidzidzo zvakaitwa muSoviet Union muna 1983"
- Chinyorwa "Astron: Veneera akatendeuka Space Telescope"
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