Munhu anosvika rinhi munhu anokwanisa kuvepo kwehupenyu paMars? Kubva pakupera kwezana re xix, apo teresicapes yemuAleconomer yakatanga kuona mitsara yakatwasuka yakafanana nenzira pane yayo tsvuku yepasi. Muzvakatangira pazvinhu izvi nenzira dzesainzi havasi vese vakatenda. Vamiriri vazhinji veSainzi, pakati pavo vari munyaradzi vanonyanya kusiyanisa, vaitenda zvisizvo kuti Mars akatemwa neakaremerwa nemasisitimu akavezwa nezvisikwa zvine musoro. Lowell akasimudzira mazano ake uye akatapukirwa nehuwandu hwevanhu.
Pfungwa kuti zvisikwa zvine musoro zvinogona kurarama paMars, vakabata fungidziro huru pasi rese. Ne-chigadzirwa chekufungidzira kwakadaro yaive:
- Nhau dzakanaka, nekuti zvino vanyori vane zano idzva;
-Kuyedza kupinda mukukurukurirana nevaMartiisi. Kuti ubatanidzwe, vanhu vakagadzira masisitimu ese, semuenzaniso, vaine maalarman mairi manyoro eGigelomera maumbirwo pamusoro peminda yeSiberia (vanhu vakatenda minda yeGoridhe yeGiriyano vaizoona zvakanaka mumidziyo yavo);
- Kwakawoneka kuwedzera kunyepedzera kufunga. Zvino teresikopu pamusoro pechiso chakatsvuka "saona" kwete chete "masisitimu ekudiridza", asiwo munenge dzimba dzemartani uye kunyange maguta ese.
Muzana ramakore rechi20, apo masayendisiti akatanga kutumira mashonga kuPlanethi, nyanzvi dzakazopedzisira vanzwisisa kuti "masisitimu ekudiridza", kuti Lowell akataura - ingori yekufungidzira. Asi zvakadaro akaramba akavhura mumwe, mubvunzo unonyanya kukosha: Pane hupenyu hwokutsvuka pasi, kana kuti aivepo zvachose?
MuCentur Century mars - kusvika parizvino yakanyanya kudzidza nyika yeiyo solar system (iyo nyika mukuverenga inotora). Masayendisiti akatumira marobhoti mazhinji kwaari kupfuura chero mumwe muviri. Planeti tsvuku achiri anoramba ari chinangwa chikuru mukutsvaga hupenyu. Nei zvakadaro? Kutanga, nekuti iyi nyika iri padyo nesu, iyo munguva yakapfuura yaive nemamiriro ezvinhu epanyika. Kechipiri, zviri nyore kuidzidza kubva kune ruzivo rwehunyanzvi kupfuura, taura iyo idzo enus iyo inopisa kwazvo.
Chii chinonzi mars now?
Mars isisi isiri-shit nyika. Avhareji tembiricha ipapo -6 ° C, kunyangwe muzhizha pazuva racho rinogona kusvika + 30 ° C. Mamiriro ekunze epasi rose ari sparse, density yayo chete inongova 0.7% -2% yehurema hwepasi, ne 95.3% iyo ine kabhoni dioxide. Mamiriro emarinda emartia haasati achibata nekupisa kwenguva yakareba. Uye zvakare, pasi imunda usina kusimba, usina kugadzikana wemagineti, saka pamusoro peMars zvakachengetedzeka pamberi peSolar Radiation.
Nekuda kwekudzvanywa kwemweya wakaderera, i 1/170 kubva pasi, uye kupisa kwakadzika kwemvura pamusoro pepasi hakugone kuve mune yemvura fomu. Kana iyo subsurface martian ice iri pamusoro, nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kwakaderera, pakarepo kuputika, kunopinda mumamiriro ezvinhu esimba, kupfuura iyo mamiriro ezvinhu.
Mune mamwe mazwi, iyo protein yemhando yehupenyu iyo mvura inodiwa mvura inodiwa isingafarire kubva pane martiya yakasimba.
Mars yaive sei munguva yakapfuura?
Mars aisangogara zvakadaro "isina ushamwari" nzvimbo. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti panguva yakapfuura, nyika tsvuku yaive nemhosva yakamonyana, iyo, inotenderera, yakagadzira munda wakasimba wemashiripiti. Iyi shamba yakadzivirira kubva pamhenyedhi kubva pakurarama, nekutenda nazvo, mamiriro emamiriro eplanet aive akanyorova, nekuda kwekuti mamiriro emararari ainyorova uye kudziya, kwakanzwika pamusoro uye nzizi dzakayerera pamusoro.Kutsvaga kwemvura yemvura kunoyerera nyanzvi dzinowana paMars nguva dzose. Orbital probles uye rover inotorwa mifananidzo yemubhedha akaomeswa, rirwizi, canyoni nezviuru zvemitsetse, sandy landslides, mipata ine mipata uye kutadza mumatombo.
Pane hupenyu here pane mars - iwo mubvunzo uyo masayendisiti akatowana mhinduro?Vaongorori vanotenda kuti mars akarasikirwa "nerunako runako" anenge mabhiriyoni matatu apfuura. Ipapo chimwe chiitiko chakaitika pane iyo nyika tsvuku yakanyangarika, yakawanda yemamiriro ekunze yakatorwa neZuva, mvura yakabva uye muvakidzani wepasi yakatonhora, iyo yatinoona nhasi .
Kwakange iripo pamberi peMars kugara?
"Kemical Laborator paWamakunda" - Kuda kuziva - panguva yebasa rangu paMars, ndakatora zvakawanda zvakakosha zviwanikwa. Semuenzaniso, rovira yakawana iyo clay deposits pamawere egomo, mune iyo organic compounds yakawanikwa. Miedzo yekuyedza yakaratidza kuti nzvimbo iyo robhoti yawonyorwa yakazadzwa nemvura yakakura, uye zvimwe zvipenyu zvakamera zvakaburitswa ipapo. Nekudaro, kuti utaure zvechokwadi, kana hupenyu hwaive pano, masayendisiti anofanirwa kugamuchira zvakananga humbowo.
Zvichida pfungwa yacho mune iyi nyaya ichaisa New Marshd Nasa kutsungirira, musi waFebruary 18, Akasvika kuPasi Tsvuku. Iyo robhoti yakanyura munharaunda yeCrater Ezero - Mwenje wakaomeswa weLrian kuti utsvage kuenderera kuno kwehupenyu hwechinyakare, izvo, sezvo masayendisiti anofunga, anogona kusimbiswa mune microscopic fosssil.
Chinyorwa pane iyo nyaya: Sezvo nyowani NASA ROVER ichatsvaga hupenyu pane yakatsvuka pasi
Kana kuti pamwe hupenyu ipapo uye zvino huri kuita?
Kana pane mars uye pane hupenyu hwechiratidzo, zvino, ungangovanda pasi pemapuranga emapuranga epasi rese, mumakungwa akarapwa, ayo muna 2018 akawana iyo European Space Agency Probe (Esa) Mars Express. Mikanaorganisms yaenda kuno kutiza kubva kumamiriro ezvinhu anoparadza pamusoro wepasi.Cameras Probes, hongu, haigone kutora mifananidzo yemabhakitiriya uye ivo seyishini ine orbits. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti arikutsvaga hupenyu hwechiratidzo huri pa "zvisina kunanga ufakazi", nerubatsiro rweBiosignature - zvinoteedzerwa zvemakemikari kana maitiro emuviri webasa remuviri.
Rimwe reizvi biologist idzi methane. Nyanzvi dzinozivikanwa nzira mbiri dzekuburitsa gasi iri: biological uye egariro. Panyika, sosi yekubereka yegesi iyi inonyanya kuve methanogenic archems inogadzira methane mumudumbu revanhu, mumatumbu emombe, pane wetilastain. Iyo zvakare inoratidzikawo nzira yegeji: mumamiriro ezvinhu ekupisa kwakanyanya uye kudzvinyirira, semuenzaniso, panguva yekuputika kwemakomo.
Muna 2019, kuda kuziva kwakawana kusunganidzwa kwakakura kwemamolecules methane mumhepo yemartian. Nekudaro, iyo European-Russian Orbital Apparatus inotsvaga gasi Express, iyo yakayerwa kanenge panguva imwecheteyo seye rover, haina kuwana miti yemakemikari ino mumhepo. Chero zvazviri, kana methane ari paMars chaizvo, ingangoita chimwe chinhu chiri mupenyu, nekuti pane nyika tsvuku panguva yechiitiko chekuputika, masayendisiti haana kuzarura, uye saka gasi iri raigona kuoneka mune imwe nzvimbo yepedyo-pamusoro maitiro ejecha.
Vanhu vanogona kuunza hupenyu kune mars?
Chokwadi. Semuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika hutachiona dzinogona kusvika kune iyo nzvimbo tsvuku pamwe chete nemarshode. Pamberi paMars, Spacecraft Tora mwedzi yakati wandei, kune microorganisms iyo inogona kupona nyore nyore murwendo rwakadaro. Chidzidzo chechangobva kuitika chakaratidza icho bhuruu-green algae, kana cyanobacteria inokwanisa kupukunyuka mumamiriro eMartanian.
Colonist ichave ichivhiringidza hukuru kune "hutachiona hweMars". Kana paine kungwarira kusuwa kusati kwatanga, ipapo nemuviri wemunhu, izvo zvinobatirwa nemabhakitiriya, zvichizorora zvakanyanya. Pamberi pe colonization yeMars, iwe unofanirwa kuuya nenzira dzipi nedzipi dzevanotadza "dzinozvidza" vanhu.
Kana zvakadaro, rover kana munhu anounza hutachiona hweHuregemms naye kuPasi Red Resterorginis, kune vadiki, mukana wekuti maenzi emicrobic anogona kupindira mumarita eMarty uye ariparadze.
Kana kuti pamwe hupenyu hwepasi hwakabva kuMars?
Masayendisiti haanyatsoziva kuti hupenyu hwakavambwa sei pasi. Iyo hypothesis yePanspermia inoratidza kuti inogona kuoneka mune chimwe chikamu chezvisikwa, uye wobva wazungunuka, meteorites, mafambisirwo akaiswa pasi redu.
Kana hupenyu hwakatanga paMars, aigona kusvika pasi achibatsirwa nehutachiona hwehutachiona hwakawedzerwa muBreatian Breed. Uku kubereka kunogona kubva pamusoro peMars nekuda kwekudonha kwemumwe muviri, mushure mekunge mumwezve unoputika kuchinhu chakakura chingakanda mudenga, saka munda wekushamisa wepasi unokwevera zvinhu izvi kupuraneti , uye nekufamba kwenguva yaizowira pamusoro pechiso. Ndeipi mukana wechiitiko chakadai? Zvitongere iwe pachako.
Muna 1996, masayendisiti akadzidza mauto eMartry ALH 84001, akawira pasi, akawana mhuka dzakazara microscopic mariri, rakafanana nebhakitiriya yepasi pevhu rakazara pasi. Nekudaro, kubvuma kuti kune "vashanyi kubva kuMars" muMeteorite, vaongorori vakatadza. Pfungwa dzakakamurwa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakaverengera kuti zvisikwa zvipenyu zvakawira pachigadziko che "nzvimbo nzvimbo" mushure mekuwira pasi, saka hazvigoneke kutaura kuti pakanga paine hupenyu paMars, hazvigoneke, vamwe - pane izvo, vakataura kuti ALH 84001 inofanirwa kutariswa seuchapupu hwehupenyu hwekunze. Nenzira, yekutanga yaive yakawanda, zvishoma, yaive mafungiro avo iyo yakagamuchirwa nenharaunda yesainzi yesainzi.
Zvakangodaro, kuwanikwa kwemasayendisiti kwaizotibatsira nesainzi: Yakanga ichivavarira kubereka muMars uye yakakwezva nhamba yakakura yekudyara muzvirongwa zvakatsvuka, izvo zvakabudirira uye zvichiri kuunza mibairo.
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