2020 icharangarira nyika kwete chete segore rakatyora tembiricha yese uye isingafungidzirwi nguva imwechete. Kazhinji, kutaura nezvechikamu chetsvingo, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika maingova nemapoka maviri chete kana humambo - zviratidzo uye zvemafesiya. Chimiro chekukamura zvekutanga zvekutanga mumisasa miviri kukosha kwekuseri kweshure, huwandu hwehuwandu, hunoratidzira hwaro hwaro hwechinhu chevanotarisana. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana spin yakapatsanurwa yakatorwa kubva pamatanho anotemwa nekwana - pamberi pako Boon, uye kana hafu-ranger iri fermion. Gore rino, vaongorori vakawana zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekuvapo kweHumambo hwechitatu hwezvimedu - idzo, vane maitiro asina kufanana nemaitiro asiri ezvemabhoo kana mafashoni. Isu tinotaurira izvo erionas ndeichi uye nei kuwanikwa kwavo kwakakosha kwazvo kwehupenyu hwazvino fizikisi.
Chii chinonzi "Eniona"?
Imwe neimwe yekupedzisira tangi mune zvakasikwa inobva kune cosmic marara kune quark - chero fermion kana Bonon. Mapoka aya anokamura mabhuru ekuvaka ezvisikwa muumambo huviri hwakasiyana. Munguva yapfuura 2020, vatsvagiri vakawana zviratidzo zvekutanga zvekuvapo kweumambo hwechitatu hwezvikamu - enionas. Sezvineiwo, idzo hadziite sevakamanikidzwa, kana sedanda; Pane kudaro, maitiro avo pane imwe nzvimbo pakati.
Munyaya yacho, yakabudiswa muzhizha ra2020, mune yesainzi yesainzi, maFizick akawana humbowo hwekutanga hwekuedza kuti zvidimbu izvi hazvienderani mune chero ehupfumi hwemafikadzi anozivikanwa eumambo. "Taimbove nehombodo uye fermonions, uye zvino tine humambo uhwu hwechikamu chekutanga," akadaro Frank Wilchk, mubairo weNobel mubayiro wefizicha kubva kuSyachusetts Institute of Technology mubvunzurudzo neQu QuAnta Magazine.
Sezvo mitemo yehuwandu hwemakina, ichitsanangura maitiro echikamu chekutanga, akasiyana kwazvo nemitemo inozivikanwa yekirasi yekare, vanozvinzwisisa chaizvo. Kuti uite izvi, vanotsvaga vanopa kufungidzira ... bvisa zvishwe. Zvese nekuti kana idzo idzo dzakarukwa, imwe yadzo "yakaputirwa" yakatenderedza imwe, ichichinja huwandu hunotaura.
Zvinotonyanya zvinonakidza zvinyorwa zvemitemo yehuwandu hwehuwandu uye zviwanikwa zvekupedzisira mumunda wefizikiki, verenga pane yedu chiteshi. Pane zvinyorwa zvaiwanzoburitswa zvisiri pamutemo.
Saka fungidzira zvimedu zviviri zvisina kujairika zvakafanana nezvemagetsi. Tora imwe, wobva waputira imwe kuti udzokere kwandakatanga nzira yangu. Pakutanga kutarisa kunogona kuita kunge pasina zvachinja. Uye zvechokwadi, pamutauro wemasvomhu wehuwandu hwehuwandu, maviri mafungu emasisitiki anotsanangura nzira dzekutanga uye dzekupedzisira dzinofanirwa kunge dzakaenzana kana dziite kutsauka mune imwe unit. (MuQuentum Mechanics, iwe unoverenga mukana wekuti iwe unocherekedza, kudya mafungu mune imwe mraba, kuitira kuti ichi chidimbu - 1 chinogezwa).
Kana iyo mafungu emubatanidzwa weiyo yakafanana, ipapo usati wafunga. Uye kana vakarambwa ne1 coefficient, saka iwe unotarisa kune fermions. Uye kunyangwe mhedziso yakawanikwa munzira yefundo idzva inogona kuita seyakachena masvomhu ekurovedza muviri, ine mhedzisiro yakakomba yehupenyu hwazvino fizikisi.
Humambo hutatu hweMhando dzekutanga
Vatsvagiri vanoona zvakare kuti fermonions nderimwe nhengo dzepasi rose dzezvikamu, sezvo vasingambogaramo vakafanana nehuwandu hwehuwandu. Nekuda kweizvi, ma elekitori ari wekirasi yekushomaniswa anowira mumachira akasiyana-siyana eatomu akatenderedza matare. Yeiyi nzira iri nyore pane ruzhinji rwepadenga muAtomu - inoshamisa dzakasiyana-siyana dzepakati pepakati system uye ese kemikari.
Verenga zvakare: masayendisiti akaswededza kunzwisisa kuti nei paine zvakasikwa
Zvidimbu, kune rumwe rutivi, ndedzemombe dzemafudzi dzine kugona kusanganisa uye kupatsanura iyo imwechete huwandu hwehuwandu. Nekudaro, maficha ari ekirasi yemabhoseni anogona kupfuura mumwe nemumwe, achibvumira magetsi emwenje kuti vafambe vakasununguka, uye vasingambe.
Asi chii chinoitika kana iwe uine imwe nhamba yekutanga kutenderedza imwe? Ichadzokera kuiyo yekutanga nhamba yehuwandu? Kuti unzwisise izvi kana kwete, zvinodikanwa kuti udzikise mune pfupi kosi yeTpology - yekuongororwa kwemasvomhu. Zvinotendwa kuti mafomu maviri aya akaenzana kana mumwe anogona kushandurwa mune imwe isina zvimwe zviitiko (gluing kana kupatsanurwa). Donut uye kofi mug, sezvo chirevo chekare chakati, ndedzomukati dzakaenzana, nekuti mumwe anogona kunyatsogadzirwa uye kuramba achiumbwa.
Funga nezve chiuno chatakaita kana imwe chete yakatenderera yakakomberedza imwe yacho. Muzviyero zvitatu, chiuno ichi chinogona kunyudzwa kusvika padanho. Tipologically, zvinoita kunge kana iyo svutugadzike isina kufamba zvachose. Nekudaro, mune maviri matanho echiuno haakwanise kutsanya, yakanamatira pane imwe chidimbu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti hazvizoshande chiuno mune maitiro. Nekuda kweizvi zvinotorambidzwa - yaonekwa chete mune maviri zviyero - chiuno cheimwe chechidimbu chakatenderedza pane imwe haina kuenzana nekugara kwechikamu munzvimbo imwechete. Ehe, musoro unotenderera. Ndokusaka mahunhu aida kirasi yechitatu yezvidimbu - Eniona. Mabasa avo emawazini haana kungogumira kune maviri zvisarudzo izvo zvinotsanangudza zvipuka uye zviratidzo uye izvi zvimedu hazvisi zvimwe.
Mukutanga kwa1980, Fizikisi kwenguva yekutanga yakashandiswa aya mamiriro ekutarisa iyo "chidimbu chevhu mazhinji anounganidzwa", maalekitori akaunganidzwa pamwechete kuti agadzire anonzi Quasiparticles ane kurohwa kweimwe legeti. Muna 1984, mudziyo wakasarudzika wemapeji maviri, Daniel alovaya naJohn Robert Sriffeera vakaratidza kuti quasiparticles iyi inogona kuva iwe. Asi masayendisiti haana kucherechedza maitiro akadaro quasiparticles, uye saka akatadza kuratidza kuti zvioni hazvina kujairika chero fermonions kana madumbi.
Zvinonakidza: Nei kuwanda fizikisi kune mashiripiti?
Ndokusaka chidzidzo chitsva chiri kumhan'arira - Fizikisi yakazokwanisa kuratidza kuti enionas inozvibata seyambiro pakati pemafambiro ezvematongerwo enyika uye fermions. Sezvineiwo, muna 2016, matatu fizikisi yakatsanangura kuseta kwekuedza, kufanana neyekunyora madiki marara mune maviri mitezo. Feb uye vaaishanda navo vakavaka chimwe chinhu chakafanana nekuyera kuchinjika kwemapurasiti mune collider.
Vakakwanisa kuratidza kuti maitiro ekunongedza chaizvo anoenderana nekufungidzira. Kazhinji, vanyori vebasa resainzi tariro yekuti idzo dzekuvhiringidza dzinogona kuita basa rakakosha mukugadzira makomputa engozi. DZIDZA ZVAKAWANDA NEZVINHU ZVINOGONESA ZVINOGONESA uye Mashandisiro azvinoita, verengai mune zvinyorwa zveMunyori Wangu Wandinoshanda Ganiev.