Nikolay Ladovsky ndiyo yakagadzirwa yakasarudzika, "zvisingaoneki" kuita zvakawanda "kwete" zvirongwa zvake. Mumwe wavo ndiye bhuku "zvinhu zvezvakagadzwa uye nesposition composition" (1934). Pakati pevanyori N. LADEVSKY (seyakawanda manhamba emapurojekiti) haana kutaurwa.
Enda kune yekutanga chikamu chechinyorwa
Nekudaro, achiona zita riri pabutiro, hazvina kuoma kufungidzira kuti zvaisave pasina ladavsky. Vanonyora - Asnov mitezo: Vladimir Krks, IVAN LAmtsov naMikhail Turkus. Maviri ekupedzisira - zvakare zvidzidzo zveLadevsky. Uye ese matatu - erennial vadzidzisi veVHutemas uyezve iyo moscow architectural Institute. Saka, nzira dzepa pedagog dzakavapo mune asnov kanokwana chikamu chakachengetedzwa.
Panguva imwecheteyo, yakatenderwa zviri pamutemo kuti Nikolai Ladovsky, pakati pehukuru hwemabasa akapwanyika, mapurojekiti maviri chete akaisiririsa:
- South Pavilion Metro "Gedhi Red";
- Iyo horo yakatarisana yeTzzhinskaya Metro Station.
Uye zvese ... zvinoita kunge zviri. Nekuti hazvisi zvese zviri nyore.
Chokwadi, 90% yevanyori vanonyatsotaurwa: miviri mitsipa yakagadzirwa. Asi kunyangwe muWIKIPEdia, yechitatu yakatoratidzwa kare: Dzimba mbiri dzeGazeta ", Corps 3 nedzimba 5 nedzimba dzine 5.
Nenzira, vagadziri veAsnov vari kukura chirongwa cheNhandare dzvuku muLuzhniki, uyo akagamuchira menduru yegoridhe yekuratidzira kwenyika ya1935 muParis. Iyo iyo iyo Pavilion Melnikova uye chirongwa cheiyo yekushanda kirabhu Rollchenko inotyisidzirwa.
Kuna Ladavsky ine hukama hwakanyanya hwakananga.
- Kutanga, kusiyana neyekugadzira anoshanda, ayo akaunganidza akati wandei akagadzira uye akajeka akaenzana, ausnov anounganidzwa akatenderedza ladovsky, hunhu hwake uye hwayo hwekuzvimiririra: "
- Uye chechipiri, zvakanyanya kukosha, nzira yayo kubva pakutanga chaipo inoratidza basa rekudyidzana.
Saka mune chero boka ripi zvaro boka asnov, uye zvakanyanya kuitira vadzidzi vake kubva kuVhumas, kune zvakare basa raNikolai AlexandRovich.
Isu tatoziva here neLarenrad Dzimba paTraram Street? Asi chirongwa cheboka reMoscow reAsnov: HAI-SHABOLOVSKY Zhilmassiv (1927-30).
Chekutanga pane zvese, iri zvakare chirongwa chekuvaka nzvimbo yese, ine chimiro chekutanga cheimba. Zvakare, mune zvese zvirongwa, zvaive zvakafanira kutarisa pamitemo: zvikamu zvakajairika zvekugara zvakaiswa nemitemo
Izvo zvisina kudzivirira mhinduro yekutanga: kuronga pamba pakona kurudyi kune mumwe nemumwe, vachivatendeuka pamadhigirii makumi mana nezvemadhigirii emigwagwa yakapoteredza. Dzimba dzakatariswa pamativi epasi: makamuri ekugara ane mararamiro anotorwa kumaodzanyemba, makicheni, mabhenji uye makamuri akafanana neNorth - North.
Pano iwe unogona kuona makona ekuratidzira uye anokanganisa, zvakare akaparadzaniswa nemaune nerudzi: akadururwa uye akajekeswa kubva kumashure kwemashure emadziro asina kuvharwa.
Pane mamwe maficha ane mitsara yakatwasuka, bhandi rinotsvedza rinoteedzerwa - Chaizvoizvo, mhinduro, humwe hunhu hwevanogadzira. Kana ivo vaishandiswa kushongedza, ivo vaizvivhura mavhoriyamu emunhu, kana kuti "yakaratidza" chimiro chechivako; Zvakanaka, "dhizaini" bhandi raigara risina mari yakakwana.
Iwo maRationalists akashongedzwa zvakasiyana nekusimbisa masimba, chimiro, rwiyo, mavhoriyamu.
Somuenzaniso, mu "Budennosvskaya musha" pamusha wepamba wepositi (musoro weM Motaleva, Architev uye Mepu) vanobatanidzwa kubva kuAshnov).
Uye chirongwa chemusha chiri kure kubva kune chinjana chinoshanda. (Rangarira pfungwa yeCorbusier, iyo maguta ekare eEurope "akavakwa nemadoses" achienda ikoko, vangaendepiko? Munhu anovata munzira yake oenda.)
Asi mazwi mashoma ezve ruvara.
Kutaura zvakanyatsonaka, "Suprematic" decor inoshandisa maComan makeructs. Iyi ndiyo nguva yeAvil-garde! Uye maRationalists haakanganwe nezve kushanda. Semuenzaniso, kutevedzera kumba nemahwindo ekumaodzanyemba kana kumaodzanyemba. Russia haisi Italy kana kuSouth France, kwaunoda kuvanda kubva kuzuva ... uye muHavana-ShaleBosky yekugara makamuri ekugara anounzwa kumaodzanyemba, makicheni, imba yekugezera uye kuchamhembe.
Uye zvimwe: Peculiar inoshanda (kana, zvakanyanya, kushanda) inozviratidza pachako mukusarudzwa kwezvinhu.
Fetish Vakagadziri - yakasimbiswa kongiri. Asi muUSSR 20s nekugadzirwa kwekongiri yakasimbiswa, uye zvakare ndokuva, mamiriro ezvinhu haana mhosva.
Iwo maRationalists anoshanda nezvidhinha, dzimwe nguva - sekondishari yekushandisa, kubva kuzvivakwa zvekare zvekare. Zvidhinha muRussia zvakanyanya, kugadzirwa kwaro kwakashata, uye ivo vanovakwa pakarepo nezvikomo. Pazere kushandisa rugwaro rwezvinyorwa, Chromaticity yayo, zororo rekumusoro; Kugona kuisa mafomu akaomarara.
Pano, nenzira, matenga akadzika matenga muHavsco-shabolovsky zhilmassiv.
Denga remahara rinotonhorera. Zvakachipa uye zvinoita kuti zvikwanisike kuisa nzvimbo yeruzhinji pano. Izvo zvino, nezvinhu zvazvino uye tekinoroji, matenga aya anowanzoitika. Uye panguva iyoyo ...
Rangarira imba yacho, inonzi nekuda kwekurembera kwe "kubvaruka kwesocialism"? Uye mukubudirira kweEurope, izvi zvakaitika. Ivo vanoti, zvakarongeka uye nedenga remba yeiyo inozivikanwa Villa yeSavoy, imwe yeakakosha mapurojekiti le corbusier. Yakavaka chimwe chinhu neiyo tekinoroji idzo dzakave nenguva iyoyo.
Asi madimikira enguva dzeSoviet haanyanyara kana zvidhina kana matenga edenga. Asi iyo yakakosha "chip" yechiArciteural chimiro ichiri isina-standard spatial mhinduro.
Zvivakwa zvekugara zvinowanzo kurasa mumwe nemumwe? Mativi akaenzana e "ikhoramu"; "MuSzera", magumo kune mumwe nemumwe, dzimwe nguva vachiumba "sosi" yakawedzerwa; Yambuka-Muchinjiko; Square ...
Iwo maRationalists ane "trilisnist" dzimba, kutenderera, semuenzaniso, masitepisi. Iyo yekutanga chirongwa ichi ndeye Vhuteemovskaya Boka reLadevsky, muna 1924 pamusoro peimba muSokolniki. Saka kwete kuvakwa.
Yakavakirwa pane imwe nhamba yakasiyana mune siva muvengi muna 1930-32. Uye iyi ndeimwe "isingazivikanwe" basa reLadevsky.
Asi zvizere "zvinovaka" zvinotsigirwa neiyo yekutanga pasi. Zvinoita here kuvaka pane zvinotsigirwa? Izvo zvinokodzera mune spatial solution?
Hongu!
Imba iyi haisi pane rondedzero yemabasa aLadevsky, asi inenge yakagadzirwa zvirokwazvo nekutora kwake zvakananga. Kunyanya kana iwe ukayeuka kubatana kwebasa muAshnov.
Pakati pevavengi veAsnov yaive yakakurumbira el Lisetsky. Zvakare, zvinoita kunge zvakaitwa neiyo chete yekugadzira chirongwa - iyo imba yekudhinda yeiyo magazini "Ogonek", 1932. Pamwe, inogona kuzivikanwa kune rationalism?
Asi imwe imwe (iyo yakafanana nyaya se "zvivakwa zvisingazivikanwe" zveLadovsky!) Lisitsky Project: Chivako cheCPKIO Directorate. Gorky. Isu takanatsa uye takaitwa mutsivi wake kuLisitsky seyekutanga architect cpco zvichienderana nebasa rayo.
Muna 1928, Ladavsky, sezviri pachena, anosarudza kuti vadzidzi vake vakagadzirira basa rinoshanda. Anobuda kunze kweiyo yakaenderera mberi ibasa reasnov uye inoronga AU - Sangano reMuorwal Stuvercestts. Iro zita rinoratidza zvizere zvinangwa zve sangano: Iko kuvandudzwa kwemadhorobha nemapurojekiti.
Uye muna 1932, Ladavsky anopa chirongwa chake chehurongwa hwakajairika hwekuvakazve kwaMoscow. Maererano naye, kubva mune zvakaitika kare moscow, nzvimbo nyowani dzinofanira kudziva cone yekuwedzera yakananga kuTV.
Anodaidza iyi chirongwa "parabola".
Radial-mhete dhizaini yekugadzira inoonekwa seyakavharwa uye kudzikisira kukura kweguta. Asi, kusiyana neiyo corbusiwo newangu mazano akajeka, "ese kuputsa uye kuvaka sezvazvinodiwa", Ladavsky anochengeta nhoroondo moscow, asi chikamu chitsva chechigadzirwa cheguta chiri kuronga nenzira itsva. Chikamu chepakati che "parabola" inoumba nharaunda dzekugara, nzvimbo dzekuindanwa "dzinogara" dzekugara pamiganhu. Parabola inoratidzwa muNorthwestern kutungamira, ichisiya guta mukana wekukura.
Sezvaunoziva, chirongwa chakasiyana chose chakatorwa kune "stalinist" kuvaka kwemakore akati wandei. Kusanganisira yakawanikwa uye kukudziridza yekare yekare chimiro cheguta guru.
Asi pamepu yemazuva ano yeMoscow, isu tichaona, hongu, kwete "parabola", asi ... kuwedzera uye kupa kubva pa "Cone" yekare ". Chokwadi, haasiyi akananga kuTver, asi kumaodzanyemba akadziva kumadokero - asi zano rekuti Ladavsky ari kufungidzira pano. Ini handizive kana paine zvimwe pesvedzero pavanomutsa zano rekusimudzira guta. Asi zviri pachena kuti chero chidiki chisingakwanisi kugona kana chirongwa cheguta kuronga chinofanira kujairana nenhoroondo yekuzvidzidzira ...
Uye gore rakapfuura, mugadziri akatarisa pfungwa yekuvakwa kwakanyanya-block kubva ku standard, zvakazara masero ekugara emhando akati wandei akagadzirwa nemafekitori uye akagadzirira kuiswa kunzvimbo yekuvaka. Zvakanaka, uye ivo vanogona kuumbwa zvichienderana nechero chirongwa, kuvaka imba yemhando dzavanoda uye saizi.
Sero racho raikurudzirwa kusimbisa pane yakagadzirirwa furemu kumba uye kubatanidza kune pre-ruzivo rwekukurukurirana. Imwe pfungwa yeSoviet A.VANT-Garders yaive pamberi yenguva yavo!
Muna 1934, chimwe chirongwa chiri kuitwa: zvinyorwa "zvinhu zvezvakagadzirwa uye zvine mbozha". Kwete kekutanga muhuwandu hwevanyori, ladevsky haina kutaurwa.
Nekudaro, mazita ari pabutiro anotaurira ivo pachavo: Asmanov's Committs Vladimir Krks, IVan RAMPSY uye Mikhail Turkus. Maviri ekupedzisira - zvakare zvidzidzo zveLadevsky. Uye vese vari vatatu vadzidzisi veVhumas, uyezve iyo moscow architectural Institute. Saka, nzira dzepa pedagog dzakavapo mune asnov kanokwana chikamu chakachengetedzwa. Uye nekuona mazita evanyori vebhuku racho, hazvina kuoma kufungidzira kuti pasina kutora chikamu kweLadevsky hakuna kubhadhara.
Nehurombo, mumakore maviri, kubatana kweshamwari dzese dzekusika kuchatanga mune imwechete, iyo ichashanduka kuita sangano rekusika mubatanidzwa wekusika.
Pakupedzisira, "mapurogiramu emakanaka anozivikanwa eLadevsky - pamwe anonyanya kuwanda muMetro.
- Pilion "Gedhi Rakanaka" - Muvagedhi, chirevo kune iro zita rakafanana zita rakafanana, rakaputswa nemakungwa ekukunda kweiyo Xviii zana.
- Panguva imwecheteyo iyo arch yemukodhi ndiko kutaurwa kwakananga kune vechikamu, kumaviridzo portal, iyo mazana emakore akashongedza masuo nemahwindo ematembere.
Iyo portal "inodhonza" isu mukati metembere, inoisa maumbwe. Sekupinda kwe "gedhi rakatsvuka" rinononoka "vafambi, saka imba" inotungamira pasi pevhu.
Pfungwa yeLadevsky, kutaura idi, yakapesana nekuisirwa kwekutanga: haifanire kunzwiwa kuti tiri pasi pevhu. Ladovsky anoisa pfungwa dzinovandudza kunzwa kweiyo tunaki, iyo pasi pevhu Stroke. Uye zvakare inoisa masimba, pfungwa yekufamba pane iyo ...
Nehurombo, chidimbu chidiki chakaramba chakasara kubva papurojekiti iyi, nechinangwa chakachengetedzwa nevanogara muzvivakwa zvakaitwa neakakura kuvigirwa muma1970s.
Izvi hazvisi zvekungovimba chete. Iyi ndiyo nzira yakasarudzika yakasarudzika mukuvaka, kuenda kunoita basa kubva kufomu, sezvazvinonzwisisika nemunhu.
Nenzira, muAsnov, panguva imwe chete, kunyange Kontov melnikov, mumwe munhu, ane hunyanzvi, aisatora chikamu mune chero shamwari uye aisabatana chero shamwari. Zvichida nekuti vakatarisa zvakanyanya pane zvakawanda? Imwe yacho yakazopomerwa mhosva ye "kurongeka."
Chaizvoizvo, ndizvozvo. Rationalists avo vakabhadhara zvakanyanya kutarisisa mabasa ekuumbwa, kazhinji ivo vamene vakazvidamira "vairatidzana." Asi mune makumi maviri, zvakaiswa mari mune iyi pfungwa, uye kumwe kusaririra pane muhafu yechipiri yevamakumi matatu.
Asi nei wikipedia ichisarudza kuti:
Rationalism inozivikanwa (uye inoitwa) zvakaipisisa kupfuura zvazvino kugadzirwa?Sezvatinoona, rationalists rakavakwa, uye kuvaka zvakaoma zvese zvekugara. "Zvakatonyanya kuitwa" zvinogona kunzi? Hazvisizvo here Nikolay ladevsky pachake?
Ndiwo chete uyo akadzidza vamwe kwemakore mazhinji, akavaka zvakanyanya kupfuura matatu mabasa ake akaomeswa. Akagadzirira chizvarwa chevatenzi vakabudirira mumashure, makumi emakore ekuvaka zvatichiri kushandisa, uye kuyemura.
Munyori - Alexander Smirnov
Kunobva - Springzhizni.ru.