Uku ndiko kudiwa kwako zvakare: Isu tinotaurira zvimwe zvinoshandiswa kuvabereki zviripo

Mafungiro mazhinji emazuva ano evabereki anosanganiswa nedzidziso yerudo. Nekudaro, iyi dzidziso haisi iyo yega yeiyo iyo iyo yakasikwa kuti isatsanangure uye kutungamira hukama hwevabereki vevana. Isu tinotaura kuti ndedzipi dzimwe nzira dziripo.

Dzidziso yekubatanidza

Asi kune vatambi, ngationgororei nedzidzo yerudo. Isu takanyora nezvazvo kanopfuura kamwechete (semuenzaniso, pano uye pano), saka ikozvino chimboyeuka zvakakwirira.

Iye munyori wefungidziro yekubatira inoonekwa seyakarukwa zvezviremba zvevana vekare John Bowlby. Munguva yehondo, akashanda muLondon Chipatara, kwaaigona kutarisa zvinoitika mukuvandudzwa uye psyche yemwana, kuparadzaniswa uye kurasikirwa nevabereki.

Mushure menguva pfupi, Bowlby akatanga kushanda neCanada Psycholigist Mary Mary Einsworth, uye pamwe chete ivo vakasimudzira pfungwa yekuti kushamwaridzana kwakaita amai vake nemwana wavo vanodiwa kuti vapone.

Kunzwa kwamai amai, kutarisa kwake mwana, kugona kunzwisisa zvaanoda uye zvinodiwa uye kugutsa vanofungidzirwa kuti vanozivikanwa nekuziva rudo.

Iyo yakaderera mwero wekunzwira tsitsi, kutsigirwa uye kutsigirwa kunobva kuna amai kunopa mwana chiratidzo chekuti nyika yakamupoteredza, uye iye amene haakodzeri rudo uye hanya.

Mukati mechimiro chemufungo, marudzi mana makuru ezvinongedzo anogoverwa: akavimbika, anotyisa, achidzivisa-kuramba uye kudzivisa-kudzivisa. Rudzi rukuru rwezvisungo, izvo zvinoumbwa pakati pemwana uye mubereki, mune ramangwana zvinokanganisa maitiro emwana nevamwe vanhu, pamwe nenyika uye pamwe naye.

Dzidziso yekudanana yakapa simba rakasimba pamitauro yemazuva ano. Ndiye uyo watinofanira kuonga nekurara kusinganyadzise, ​​achidya zvakanaka uye kodzero yekupfeka mwana mumaoko sezvatinoda. Kuzivikanwa kwefungidziro yekubatanidza mune imwe neimwe nzira dzeEurope dzakatokanganisa kuwedzera kwenguva yakareba kwekuenda kweternity uye zviyero zvakakurudzirwa zvevana vezera rakasiyana muCommergarten.

Ehe, hazvishande pano uye pasina kutsoropodzwa. Zvinotaurwa zvikuru zvevasina kujairika ndezvekuti kuumbwa kwerudo rakawanda uye rakavimbika kwazvo uye rinoda vabereki vehuwandu hwekuedza uye mari yakawanda yekuedza uye mutengo, nemhedzisiro yacho kuti vave nekubayira nguva, zvido uye zvishuvo.

Dzidziso dzerudo dzakatangira uye dzakaperekedza dzimwe nzira kuvabereki uye kuongororwa kwehukama hwevabereki. Ikozvino tichazokuudza nezvavo (kururamisira ini ndoda kudya zvese izvi izvi zvine chekuita nevabereki - vamwe vacho vane ruzivo, asi vanokanganisawo nzira yaungasvikira pakukwirira yevana).

Naughty Marera Pfungwa

Kukura kwekutsvagisa kwehukama hwevana uye kwevabereki uye kuumbwa kwerugwaro dzakasiyana siyana dzakasiyana-siyana dzakauya pahafu yekutanga yezana ramakumi maviri. Izvi hazvireve kuti hapana munhu akafunga nezve mubereki kazhinji - kungori dzidziso zhinji dzakawanda dzakavakirwa pane ruzivo rwevanyori, zvemagariro, izvo zvinodiwa munharaunda uye dzimba dzechitendero. Zvese zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuswedera uye dzidziso dzekuita mubereki, kwete kubva pane data resainzi, inonzi isina kufanana neyenanzwisisike kana vanhu venhau.

Nekudaro, semuenzaniso, mumakore epakati, mwana aive achiisa mwana kuti arare maa narcotic zvinhu kana zvinwiwa zvinodhaka, zvakakurumidza 'kutema "mwana.

Muenzaniso uyu unoratidza kuti nzira yemubereki zvachinja sei panguva ino (kana iwe uchifarira kuva mubereki wepakati, saka isu tine zvese zvakaparadzana pazvinhu izvi.

Chimwe chinhu chinoratidza hukama hwehukama hwerango. VaAustralia Psychologists Peter newcomb naAnthony Kish muna 2015 vakaburitsa chikamu chevanenge gumi emhando gumi dzinosvika pakururamisa chirango chevana. Aya mafambiro aive akavakirwa pamazano miviri mikuru: Icho chokwadi chekuti chirango chisina kukuvadzwa, uye icho chirango chinodiwa uye chinoshanda. Vanotsvagurudza vanodaidza kuti aya anosvika "ngano" nekuti vakatadza kuzviwanira chero zviziviso zvesainzi.

Kana iri dzidziso dzechitendero, heino muenzaniso wakajeka wePuritia wePuritia wekuita muColonial America. Vakagutsikana kuti vana pakutanga vanomiririra "vakaipa" uye "zvivi", uye saka basa revabereki rinofanira "kubvisa zvakaipa."

Iyo dzidziso yePsychossexual Budiriro yeFreud

Iye munyori weimwe yedzidziso dzekutanga dzesainzi dzekusimudzira kwemwana yaive iyo Austria psychologist uye psychoanalyst sigmund freud. Muna 1936, akaisa dzidziso yehunhu hwepfungwa hwekukura, mukati ma Iye akagovera matanho makuru mashanu: Muromo, anal, anal, plallic, latent uye genital uye genital uye genital. Sechikamu chedzidziso yayo, freud ichifunga kuti kukura kwemwana kunoitika mune yakarongeka.

Imwe neimwe nhanho zvinoreva kuti kupi, maererano ne psychoanalyst, simba rebonde remunhu rinokonamira.

Nekuda kwekukuvara kwevana kana hukama husina hutano nevabereki, mwana anogona kutanga "kubva purogiramu yayo yekukura kwepfungwa uye akagadziriswa pane imwe nhanho, iyo ichatungamira kumatambudziko epfungwa mune ramangwana.

Pasinei nenyaya yekuti pakati pemasayendisiti pakanga paine avo vakatsigira dzidziso yeFreud, zvidzidzo zvinotevera zvakaratidza kusapindirana, uye nharaunda yesainzi yakaramba kuishandiswa zvakanyanya. Nekudaro, dzidziso yekusimudzira kwepfungwa yakanga ichiri kubatsira: Akavhura masuo kuti agadzire uye kukudziridza dzimwe pfungwa dzesainzi mukuvandudzwa kwevana uye hukama hwevabereki.

Behismism (maitiro ekuzvidza)

Nezvidzidzo zvezvakanyorwa zvekuva mubereki, pamwe nefungidziro yerudo, zvinosanganisira dzidziso yekuzvibata, mumwe wevanhu vapi vanonzi vaJohani vakapinda. Mazano aWatson anobva pabasa rePavlov (iyo kwazvo, nembwa) uye tordandyka. Mukufunga kwake, mwana anogona kuiswa mune chero maitiro, achishandisa maitiro akafanana anoshandiswa, semuenzaniso, kana kudzidzisa imbwa.

Watson akarambwa kutora chikamu chemukati, zvido zvemunhu uye kuzviongorora pachavo mukugadzirwa kwehunhu - Iye akatenda kuti nemari yakakodzera, zvinokwanisika kuti usaite nenzira imwe chete, asiwo kuti uwane mamwe manzwiro (chete Senge imbwa inogona kudzidziswa kurega droach kana mwenje wechiedza).

Masayendisiti akafunga nezvekusimukira kwe "chaiyo" mamiriro ekuratidzira nzira yekushanda yekukunda matambudziko epfungwa, kunyangwe sekutya kana kunyara.

Akapokanawo nekuratidzwa kwetsitsi dzakawandisa uye hanya kumwana, nekuti aitya kuti zvaigona kutungamira ku "kuremara kwakadzidzwa." Muchidimbu, kusiyana nevatsigiri vedzidziso yekubatanidzwa, Watson aive nechokwadi chekuti mwana anogona kuputswa ne "zvinobata".

Muma1930s, iyo fungidziro yaWatchon yakatsigirwa neimwe sainzi - muvambi wechiitiko chakakura chinobatanidza skner. Skinner akapokana kuti nerubatsiro rwekutarisa kunze, kwete chete maitiro, asiwo pfungwa uye pfungwa dzemunhu dzinogona kugadziriswa.

Skinner zvakare akacherekedza kuti munhu anotsvaga kudzokorora maitiro, nekuda kwezvaanowana mubairo, uye anotsvaga kudzivirira maitiro, nekuda kwezvaanowana mutsara. Kusimbiswa kunogona kuve kwese kwenzanga (semuenzaniso, kurumbidza) uye zvinhu (pipi kana nyowani kana nyowani), inoshanda kune chirango.

Kudzidza Kwekudzidza Kwemagariro

Imwe dzidziso, kana kuti pane kuti, imwe nhungamiro yedzidziso yekuzvibata yakakurudzirwa naAlbert Bandura uye inonzi dzidziso yekudzidza munharaunda. Sekureva kwaBandura, dzidziso dzepakutanga dzakatarisa pane zvimwe zvega zvehunhu hwehunhu hwemunhu (semuenzaniso, chete munzvimbo dzayo uye nepo zvakakodzera kuti uzive zvese mune zvakaoma: uye zvekunze Nzvimbo, uye zvinhu zvemunhu, uye kukurudzira kwemukati kwemunhu iye amene.

Zvinoenderana nedzidziso yedzidziso yekudzidza, munhu anonzwisisa kuti mamwe maitiro akanaka, uye mamwe maitiro, kubva pane zvawo pane zvakaitika chete, asiwo vachiona vamwe.

Mwana anotevera zviri kuitika munyika vakamupoteredza, uye ndeapi maitiro anogamuchirwa mariri, uye izvo - kwete, zvichibva pane izvi, zvinoita sarudzo yako pachako.

Iyo dzidziso yeBandura inosimbisa kukosha kwekusavimbisa chete zviito zvevabereki zvinoitirwa kugadzira mwana ehumwe maitiro, asiwo zvakaringana kuti hazvigoneke kuyedza kugadzirisa maitiro a mwana kana vabereki vake vakamuratidza muenzaniso wakanaka).

German dzidziso ye "Anti-Kudzokorora"

Pasinei nenyaya yekuti dzidziso yekubatanidzwa inozivikanwa kwazvo muEurope dzazvino, zvaisave nguva dzose. Semuenzaniso, panguva yeNazi Germany, vabereki vakaomerera kufungidziro ye "anti-retreak", avo vagari vemo vagari vemo Joanna. Muna 1934, Haper akanyora bhuku pane dzidzo yevana "Amai veGerman nedangwe rake", izvo zvaive nezvinangwa zvakati wandei.

Haarist akati mumaawa makumi maviri nemana ekutanga kubereka, mwana anofanira kupatsanurwa muna amai uye akaisa mukamuri rinotevera kuti amai vacho vanogona kupora mushure mekubereka, uye mwana akachengetedzwa kubva kuhutachiona hwekubereka. Kuparadzaniswa kwakadaro kunofanira kunge kwakaenderera mberi kwemwedzi mitatu yekutanga yehupenyu hwemwana - amai vakabvumidzwa kuzvishanyira pairairo yakaoma yekupa chikafu. Kupa chikafu kunofanirwa kunge kusiri kwemaminitsi anopfuura makumi maviri, uye amai vacho vaifanira kunge vakasiya mwana nekukurumidza - pasina kutaurirana, caress nemitambo. Maererano ne haarari, zvaive zvakafanira kuitira kuti ugadzire hutongi kubva kune vechidiki.

Zvinoenderana nedzidziso yeHarani, vacheche vacho vakanga vachiri "vasingabvumiri," uye vakaratidza zviratidzo zvakakwana zvekuziva uye kufunga mumwedzi yekutanga mushure mekutakura. Zvinoenderana naye, vachichema vacheche vaingova nzira yekuita chimwe chinhu.

Vanamai vakakurudzirwa kuti vasatore vana mumaoko avo, kuti varege kudzikamisa uye vasingazvidemba kuti vasakure mune ramangwana mu "vadiki, asi vanoramba vachiramba."

Zvese zvinokurudzirwa zvakaverengerwa pakukura kubva kuvana vevane mutungamiriri uye vanokosha nhengo dzemunharaunda - ndosaka vana vachibva kune ruzhinji rwevanhu vazhinji uye vanodzidza kuisa zvavanoda uye zvido pasi pekuzvifarira zvemagariro.

Dzidzo dzese uye nzira dzinongova chikamu chidiki chete chezvemasayendisiti mumakore zana apfuura mukuedza kutsanangura kuumbwa kwemunhu, uye ndeapi vabereki vanofanirwa kuteerera dzidzo yemwana.

Classical uye inotungamira munharaunda yemazuva ano yekuMadokero panguva ino zvirevo izvi zvinotariswa: dzidziso yekubatanidzwa uye dzidziso yekudzidza munharaunda. Iwo ndeavo kuti mazhinji evose anokanganisa mhinduro idzodzo dzinogamuchirwa nevabereki mukurera vana. Ehezve, iyo uye imwe nzira ine simba ravo uye kushaya simba kwavo, uye nokudaro zvakajeka kutaura kuti dzimwe dzidziso inonyanya kugamuchirwa, hazvigoneke.

Pamwe, nzira yakakwana ichave iri iyo iyo vabereki vanosarudza, zvichibva pakugona kwavo, zvinokoshesa, pamwe nehunhu hwemwana wavo, uye nechikwereti chesainzi data (uye pano, zvakasiyana, ini ndoda kukuyeuchidza kuti ipapo Hapana chokwadi chakaratidza nesainzi chakaratidza kubatsirwa kana kuchengetedzeka kwechisimba kune vana, asi chokwadi chiri kuratidza njodzi yacho uye kukuvadza - ipapo). Kuwedzera kune dzidziso uye kusvika kune mubereki, kune zvakare masitaera akasiyana emubereki - vakanyora zvakadzama pano.

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