Don Cossack neAtaman Stepan Razin vakapinda nenyaya seyekuzara uye musoro wehondo yerudzi rwacho rwunopenya muRussia muna 1670-1671. Kune vanhu vazhinji, zita rake rakabatanidzwa negororo rekubira uye kuparadzwa. Kupanduka kuri pasi pehutungamiri hwemadziro eRazin kwakava zvechokwadi kushungurudzika uye kweropa kweropa yenhoroondo yeRussia.
Pasinei neizvi, hunhu hwaNixtan hachifanirwe kutariswa chete pasi pekona yakadaro - akange asina kusarudzika nezvekunzwisisika kwekuziva uye nehurefu hwemweya. Zvinogona zvakare kunzi mutungamiri akasarudzika, uyo akazova "Baba" yezvose zvisina kunaka. Ndeipi yaive hupenyu nzira yeNhanho yeStepan Razin? Chii chinozivikanwa nezve ino inopesana uye yakaoma munhu?
makore ekutanga
Stepan Timofevich Razin akaberekwa muna 1630 mumhuri yekossack. Sezvo ngano yakati yanoreva nezvake, Razin raive nharo yehutongi Tatarka, kunyangwe ichi chokwadi chisingashamwi. Amailand vababa vaStepana vaive voronezh, uye nezvikonzero zvekuvandudzwa kweiyo don, sevamwe vazhinji varimi, vaive nenzara uye kusava nesimba kwesimba.
Kuva mucherechedzo, timfey akawana imba uye nehupfumi hwakakura, akava mumwe wevamiriri vanoremekedzwa emachira. Akatora chikamu munenge mumushandirapamwe wese wemauto nekuisa rudo rusununguko uye ushingi kuvanakomana vake - Ivan, Stepan naFrau.
Nhamba dzinoverengeka uye shanduko dzeTsar Alexei Mikhailovich Rakaitika kuve mutoro usingatsungirwe kune varimi uye macosssacks. Muna 1649, "Cathedral meseji" yakasainwa, iyo yakawedzera chinzvimbo cheSerfs. Ichi chaive chikonzero chekusagutsikana muvanhu, zvichitsamwisa matavi evanhu kuti urege.
Ikoko, varimi vakave "vasina kupfeka", mahara emahara asina pfuma. Vapoteri vakabatana mumatongerwo enyika, vaiwanzotabira, uye panguva ino, kuwanda kwenzvimbo dzakadaro dzenongedzo dzakakura. Sangano rakakura kwazvo rakava iyo Don uye yaitsky cossacks.
Zvinokonzera kukwidziridzwa
Munhoroondo dzenhoroondo dza1852, hwatoona kuti Stepan kuronga kwakave kuAtamani, kwagara kuchiita mukutsigira kwe "Golutbi". Ipapo panguva iyoyo mumweya wake, kutsamwa kwevamiriri vevakuru, ayo aifungidzirwa kuti vanhu vevaranda vasina simba. Nekudaro, shanduko shanduko yaive dambudziko ra 1665. Mukoma wake Ivan akananga kuhondo mune yeRussian-Poland Kambani Yuri Dollgoruky.
Cossack yakasarudza kusiya iyo yekurwa kune zvisina udyire, iyo isina kukwidziridzwa nevamiriri vemahara macessack. Zvisinei, maArgird akarayira kuti abate Ivan neboka rake, akazvizivisa pamwe chete navaeni, abvapo. Sezvo vakarasikirwa nehama yake uye vazhinji vemishonga, Stepan Razin akanzwisisa kuti anoda kurwa nevaya vanobira nyonganiso yakadaro.
Stepan Timofevich akasarudza zvakasimba kuti aite akati wandei echikepe chehondo, kusanganisira Moscow. Kubudirira kutora maguta akati wandei, Stepan anonzi vanhu kuti vabatane nevanobata. Varume vakareruka, varombo vaishungurudzika vakamuona naye nemutungamiriri wavo, vachitenda Shoko rega rega.
Mutorwa. Wakatambanudza, waiperekedza kutaura kwaRazini muShazakhan, akanyora kuti Stepan akataura zvinotevera:
"Ini handizomanikidza kumanikidza simba, uye ndiani anoda kuva neni - ichave yemahara coossack! Ndauya kuzorova chete mukomana chete uye nevarume vakapfuma, uye nevarombo uye vakareruka, sehama, munhu wese! ".
Simbisa Stepan Razin
Uye zvaive chaizvo chaizvo. Asi chii chakavanzika chekubudirira kwetambo yemvura? Hunhu hwake hukuru hwaive hunodzvanya uye inxcanal, iyo yakabatsira mune zvechiuto. Mukuwedzera, razin ine tarenda remhando, iro rakamubatsira kugadzirisa kunyange kutaurirana kwakaoma kwazvo mumoyo yake. Akakwanisa kuyananisa vanhu vorya vematunhu, ayo akatsigirwa nevapanduki.
Nhanho inonyanya kukosha yekumuka yaive inonzi "inofamba kumashure kweZipinovati", panguva iyo vatsigiri veRazin vakatsigira, vakawedzera ngarava vachidzivirira kutengeswa kwechikepe cheRussia nePersian. kukudziridza zano rekuwedzera chiitiko. Kukurudzirwa uye kungwara mune yakakura yakabatsira Stepan inosimbisa kuzvidzora kwavo. Nekudaro, musiyano wacho wakatambira kwete chete hunhu hwekubata kumeso.
Mutsamba yezvisingazivikanwe kubva muchikepe "omuzi", iyo yakanga imire pedyo naAstraakhan, yakanzi:
"Murume ane hutsinye, kunyanya muchimiro chakadhakwa: ipapo zvinofadza kwazvo zvinowanikwa mukushungurudzwa kwevanotarisana navo vanorayira kusonganira maoko pamusoro wake, vachizadza dumbu rejecha uye vozozvikanda murwizi."Zvakakodzera kutaura nezve chiitiko chakakurumbira chakatsanangurwa murwiyo "nekuda kwechitsuwa ichi paSttazhen", izvo zvakanyatso kuitika pasi peAshakhan. Hutsinye hweStepan Ruzin anorondedzera muPezhiya neIran Folklore, yakachengetedzwa kusvika zuva razvino.
Kugadzirira kweHiking
Hunhu hwekupokana uye hwehutsinye hweRazini hauna kupindira, tora zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya kumota. Haana kungodzvinyirirwa uye anotambudzika vanhu vevanhu vakatambanudzwa kuna Atamani anozivikanwa.Vazvipiri muzvivako zveRazin izvozvi vanowanzoitwa vanhu, vatengesi, vatengesi. Mauto eCossack aive nevashandi vazhinji vekare vasina kugutsikana nekuvharirwa kweshanduko yechechi yetatu. Yakatsigirwa Razin uye vanhu vakasiyana-siyana veDunhu reva volga - Mordva, TAVS, CHUVASHI, Mari.
Mugore rimwe chete, mauto aRuzin akawana simba rakakura. Uye kana pakutanga mune "inofamba kuseri kweZipunov" ngoro dzakaenda nemakungwa mazana matanhatu, zvino zviuru zvisere zvevanhu vaisanganisira zviumbwa zvake.
Muna 1670, Razin akatogadzirira mauto ake kumisangano huru - kuMoscow. Akavhura nerunyerekupe, sokunge mumusasa wake, Alexey Alekseevach Alexey, mugari wenhaka wepamutemo kuchigaro cheushe, hwakaziviswa wakafa. Muchokwadi, tsarevich rakanyatso kufa nechirwere, asi hazvina kudzivirira vanyengeri kuti vashandise zita rake.
Yechipiri kutora Asttrakhan
Razin zvakare akaenda kuVolga, asi zvino maguta mazhinji aripo kwaari asina kurwa. Kumisikidza muTsaritsyn, iyo Russolesie, pasi pehutungamiri hweAtamani wake akashinga, akananga kuAstrakhan. Iyo Harrow, uyo aisada kupa iyo nhare kune anovandudzwa, akagadzirwazve kubva kumadziro eguta. Vapanduki vakarongedza kuurayiwa, uko kwakapfuurira uye mushure mekutarisirwa kweRazin kubva kuAstrakhan. Chitarisiko chake chechipiri muguta rino hachive chisina kupfeka ropa kupfuura yekutanga.
David Butt, aive muShizirakhan panguva iyoyo, akayeuka guta richitora nzvimbo yekuvava:
"Iyo 9th yakanamatira chiredzo iri mhirizhonga yeAlexeey Alekseeevich remunyori weAlexeey uye nemwanakomana weGirilanking Khan pamusoro penzvimbo, yavakazofa mazuva mashoma gare gare. Mushure meizvozvo pamadziro eKremlin, akarembera pamusoro pemakumbo evanakomana vaviri vegamo ... Zuva rakatevera rakasungwa, uye mukuru akadonhedzwa kubva mumusha, uyo baba vakadonhedzwa nemazuva mashoma "
Kusangana kwevanovakazve
Nekudaro, kunyangwe budiriro yeRazin, mambo akaziva kuti munhu uyu nevaya vagadzirira kuenda shure kwake kunyange nerufu rwakava. Masimba mazhinji emauto eumambo akakandirwa pakumanikidzwa kwemhirizhonga. Kuti imise "vapanduki"
Yuri Baryatinsky yakatanga kuenda kuKazan, kutsvaga kuti urege kupa mukana wekuti mauto aRazin aenderere mberi. Pasinei nekuedza kwekuda kuputsa kuburikidza neakavhuna dhizaini, matongo akatadza kuzadzisa chinangwa chavo. Zvino ivo vakabatwa.
Stepan amene akarwa nekushinga pasina kucherechedza maronda uye kurwadziwa. Muhondo dziri pasi peSymbirsky, akagamuchira kukuvara zvakanyanya. Pasinei nemusoro wakabvumidzwa uye kurasikirwa nguva nenguva kwekuziva, Razin akaramba achirwa. Nekudaro, ikozvino email, iyo yaiwanzobatsira kuAtaman, ikava zvombo zveanopikisa.
Yuri baryatinsky cunning akatora vapanduki vakanga vari kure. Akaraira chidimbu chidiki kuyambuka mhenderekedzo yakatarisana yeSviyagi uye kudanidzira pachena kubva ipapo. Kufunga kuti izvi zvakatanga kusimbiswa kuMauto eTsarist, Stepan Razin akabva aenda kuDon, kwaakaronga kutora matsamba matsva ekubatsira kumisikidza.
Kukunda vapanduki
Kusiya shamwari dzake muSymbursk, Razin uye fungidzira aisakwanisa, rudzii rwekuita uye nekuwana. Pasina Atamani yake uye kukurudzira, uto revarombo rekoshingaira rakazova vasina simba uye vasina kugarwa. Yuri Balaratinsky akatevera kupanduka, kuputswa pasi peArzamas, uye kuwanda kwakaraira kururamisa zvakanyanya.
Mumwe wevakuru vevatorwa akanyora mu diary rake.
"Zvinotyisa kutarisa Arzamas: Mafuro ake airatidzika kuva gehena rakakwana. Pakange paine misoro yakapararira uye yakauraya ropa rutsva; Matanda aive akanamatira kunze, kuti matsotsi akatambura uye aiwanzogara kwemazuva matatu, achitambura zvisinga tsanangurike. Mukuenderera kwemwedzi mitatu, vanhu zviuru gumi muzana vakaurayiwa. "
Firimu mvura
Asi chii chinonzi stepan? Zvichakadaro, Razin akaedza kunyorera rutsigiro rweiyo don madhiri. Heano ingova nzvimbo yekumachinda yemichero yemakoniwa aisada kuti dzivanhu dzidziso dziende kune yakasununguka Don.
Kunyangwe baba vagari vemanotenga, Korkily Yakovlev, kutanga kutsigira Atamani, aisada kunamatira nyika yake. Vazhinji vevavaimbova makorokoto vaivenga kunaya. Zvakangodaro, anenge mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, Razin nevamwe vake vaigara muguta reKagalnitskian.
Pasinei nekudzikama kwekunze, iyo Don Cosstacks yaive mukufunganya. Madhironi akaziva kuti misiyano iri padyo nepedyo zvechokwadi yaizove chikonzero chekuonekwa kwemauto ehumambo, uye uku kwaive kutya kwavo kukuru. Musi waApril 14, 1671, kudikiswa kwemakwenzi emuno kurwisa Kagasnik, mushure maizvozvo guta rakaiswa pamoto.
Vanenge vese vanomanikidza kupamba vakaurayiwa, uye imba maaive mwedzi mishoma, achipfuta. Kuramba kusuwa hakuna kubatsira Ataman mukusangana. Stepan Razin akatorwa nemachira ayo, uye munun'una wake akafa akabatwa munguva pfupi.
Casserenget ataman
Vanhu vanopfuura mazana maviri vakatorwa kuMoscow vanotapwa. FFL 'ichipomerwa uye ichipomedzerwa dambudziko munun'una wake, Stepan haana kubvuma: "Hapana dambudziko! Tichave takakwenenzverwa; "Vanyoro vakuru vanoenda kuzosangana nesu." Madhirambiringa ekutorwa kwemutungamiriri weBuntovchikov uye mukoma wake vakagamuchira rombo rakanaka "ruva ririvha zviuru zvitatu, matura mazhinji newaini, mazana mashanu emapaundi, anotungamira.
Mujeri, Razini akatambudzwa kwenguva yakareba, asi kunyangwe panguva yekutambudza yakaratidza ushingi uye kusimba. Diplomat Jacob Rietfels akanyora nezveRazin:
"Mutumbi wake wacho watove wakaumbwa, saka kurova kwehwaro kwakawira pamapfupa asina kusvinudzwa, izvo zvisina kungozvidza, asi haana kutuka mukoma wake, akapatsanurwa nekutambura uye asina kuoma , mune zvishoma uye stocky. "
Pasinei nokutambudzwa kwese kwakatambudzwa, kutambudzwa uye kuvenga, uko kwaive kwakaiswa nevashandi vehurumende, akaramba asingafarire kugomera kwekupedzisira. Sezvo vanhu vemagiciguru, vakaramba vachifananidza hama yake kuti nyaya yavo yavakatanga nawo vangatungamira kumugumo wakafanana - kunyangwe kana kuri kubudirira kukuru. Ini handina mubvunzo kuti Stepan, kusiyana nechuru, kuziva zvakakwana njodzi yekunongedza kwake kunyange munguva yekukunda.
Musi waJune 6, 1671, kuurayiwa kweStepan Razin kwakaitika panzvimbo tsvuku. Zviitiko zvezuva zvinotsanangurwa zvakanyatsotsanangurwa mutsamba yerudzi rweChirungu THORMAS:
"Dambudziko iri rakachengeta rudzi rwake rusina kutsamwisa nguva dzese uye, sezvavakaonekwa, harina kutya rufu zvachose ... vamwe vedu takange takarurirwa neropa. Pakutanga akagura maoko ake, makumbo ake uye, pakupedzisira, musoro. Izvi zvikamu zvishanu zvemuviri zvakadyara matanda mashanu. Kurota kwakakandwa manheru. "Sezvo ngano yakati, panguva yekuchiitwa, Stepan akazova nemaoko, hama yake, aisakwanisa kuzviona, akadaidzira kuti: "Ndinoziva Shoko nenyaya yeHurumende!". Iro ripi rinopindurwa nokupindura nehasha rinoti: "Nyarara, imbwa!", Sezvazvakaita mazwi ake ekupedzisira.
Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti matanda ane zvikamu zvemuviri weStepan Razin anga achiri kuMoscow, murume uyu akaramba achidzidzisa kutya. Kunyangwe afa, akaramba aine simba uye anotyisa kune vane masimba. Kupanduka kwake kwaive kupaza nekuda kwekusanzwisisika uye kuderera kwesangano, kushomeka kwezvinangwa chaizvo uye kusarongeka kwemabasa evapanduki.
Pasinei neizvi, chitsauko iye anoramba achiyanisa pfungwa dzevanhu. Mariri, hutsinye husingaverengeki, hukuru hwechokwadi, pfungwa dzakakwirira uye zvishuwo zvenhema zvakanyatsojaira. Asi chinhu chikuru - aive akatendeka zvizere nyaya iyi, mazano ake, anoramba iye waasina kuita kunyange rufu.