Chiitiko chakakoshesa chesainzi chiitiko yaive kuwanikwa kweBirchy diploma yeXI-XV mazana emazana emazana emazana. Nyika yose yakaziviswa kune vanotsvaga kana vachidzedzereka.
Tsvaga iyo yekutanga birchy diploma muna 1951 panguva yekuchera matongo muNovgorodhi. Kubva ipapo, muguta iri rekare chete rakawana kuverenga 1,100. Mumakore akatevera, anowanikwa anoonekwa mukare Rousse, Torzoke Smolensk, Pskov, tiver uye mamwe maguta ekare eRussia yeRussia, Ukraine naBelarus.
Novgorod Birchy Diplomas uye Science Zvakawanikwa
Yakanga iri muNovgorod kuti huwandu hukuru hwekuverenga kukuru hwakawanikwa, uye, nekuda kwekusanzwisisika kwevhu remunharaunda, vakachengetedzwa zvakanaka.
Pamwe, vagari vekodhi yekare reRussia havana kufunga nezve chinhu chakakosha - mushure mekuverenga vaiwanzo kuraswa kure, dzimwe nguva vanhu vacho vanouya nemapepa emazuva ano.
Zvimedu zveBerestiv zvakasanganiswa nemumwe marara, izvo zvevanochera matongo zvezana ramakore rechi20 ratova tsika yetsika. Anenge makore chiuru akashora mupasi, magirazi ehondo, vaongorori vakawanikwa.
Kudzidza kwawakawana kubvumidzwa kuita huwandu hwezvinowanikwa. Semuenzaniso, kwenguva yakareba, masayendisiti akatenda kuti kwaive nemutauro mumwe, uyo wakataurwa nevose vekuMabvazuva, rakaburitswa kubva kunzvimbo yakabatana - Slavic Pranodina.
Nekudaro, zvinopfuura makumi matatu dialalele zviratidzo zviratidzo zvisipo muRussia zvakawanikwa muBershimnaya Giredhi reiyo Xi-XII mazana emazana emakore. Asi iyo linguistic analogues yakawanikwa kubva kune slovaks uye slovenia.
Saka, nekuda kwemadiploma, zvakazoitika uko valvgorod vabvuwi. Dzidziso yeVakabatana nearlvine Stalvs yakabvunzwa. Kana pakanga pasina mutauro mumwe, vanhu vekare veRussia vaigona here kuva nePranodine yakajairika?
Kuverenga kuverenga kwakakwanisa kuve venels
Beresta, iyo yakagadzirwa neBirch bark yaisvika kune wese munhu. Zvokunyora, panzvimbo pezvo, kukwezva kwemavara kwakashandiswa zvakapusa simbi kana mapofu emapfupa - "akanyora kudaro."
MuMaguta ekare eRussia, kuverenga kuverenga kwakadzidziswa kubvira ndichiri mudiki, kazhinji mumamongi. Achiita akanyoreswa mavara, vana vakagamuchirwa kunyora mitsetse yeMapisarema - vakadzidza zvichienderana nePstaltiri - Mumwe weMabhuku eBhaibheri, uyo une makona akare.
Mavara mazhinji, semazwi, akasiyanisa zvakanyanya kubva kumutauro wemazuva ano yeRussia. Sezvineiwo, mavara anoshandiswawo sehuwandu. Semuenzaniso, "az" aireva nhamba yekutanga. Muzviitiko zvakadaro, chiratidzo chakakosha chakaiswa patsamba - Titlo.
Muna 1956, kuverenga kwakawanda kwekuverenga kwezana reComzari yeX Xiii kwakawanikwa nemadhirowa nemarekodhi zvakagadzirwa neane makore manomwe.
Madhiri eMukomana Onfima, Novgorod, 1240-1260Nezve zvese zviri munyika
Zvizhinji zvezve nheyo dzakawanikwa neBirchy, kutaura nezvechokwadi, mishumo yebhizinesi: Mishumo yeCrankses, marekodhi ekutengeserana kutengeserana, anoshuma pakuita kwebasa, zvisungo zvebasa.
Kune vafukure, vanounganidza petrocal varimi vakaendeswa, uye kutumira mavara akavanzika akatumirwa. Kazhinji, nhetembo, minamato, kurangana kana riddles zvakanyorwa pane berestse.
Inonyorwa
Diplomas novgoromas yakatendeuka pauri dzevakadzi muNyama yeRussia yeRussia zvisati zvaitika: MaSlav akatumira maoko ehurongwa, aigona kuita sevanovimbisa kana kuitisa mabasa emari. Mune imwe yediploma, mukadzi waMaston Sompyon:
"Isu tingadai takakuisa pasi rose nekumirira ini. Ini ndiri bhuru. "
Mune imwezve boris anobvunza mukadzi wake Nastasya kumutumira "bundu" ndiko kuti, iyo hembe yakakanganwa. Mune imwe tsvaga - kuzivikanwa kwenguva pfupi uye kuti Nikita yakaitwa Anna:
"Ndiudze, az Hotyu. Uye iwe - ini. "Berchinic Diplomas inoita kuti zviitike zviri nani kunzwisisa madzitateguru ari kure - kwavo zvido, kutarisira, kusuwa uye mufaro. Izvi zvinogona kufananidzwa nechishamiso kana kubva muchina wenguva.