Mwaka wadarika, takatanga kupa zvinhu nezve zvemitemo yenyika munyika dzakasiyana. Chinyorwa chekutanga cheiyi nhevedzano zvainge zvazvipira kune yakakurumbira Chinese kuedza "imwe mhuri - mumwe mwana".
Chinyorwa chechipiri chakaongorora kukura kweZigzag yemhuri muIran. Nhasi tiri kutaura nezvekuti kodzero dzekubereka dzavagari vemo dzakapera muIndia - iyo yechipiri yakakura huwandu hwenyika.
Chokwadi chekuti India neimwe nzira inodiwa kudzora kukura kwevagari, vezvematongerwo enyika vakataura vadzoke kuma1920s. Urombo, kushomeka kwezvinhu zvekutarisira kwakakudziridzwa uye kwakakwanisika, kwakatungamirwa nenyaya iyi kwekutanga kwenyika dzichiita semutemo wekubereka muna 1952 (kunyangwe iyo yakakurumbira yezvematongerwo enyika maIndia Gandm yaigara ichitongwa pamusoro pekodzero dzehurumende yekodzero dzekubereka, asi akaurayiwa muna 1948).
Imwe yemasendimita edzidziso yezvematongerwo enyika iri yaive chirevo chekuti mhuri yega yega ine kodzero yekusarudza kuti vana vangani vachange vari mazviri. Senzira yekudzivirira kubata pamuviri, nzira yekarenda yakakurudzirwa muchivande (iyo, sezvatinoziva nhasi, iri kure nekunakirwa, asi pakanga pasina mari kune dzimwe nzira).
Makore makumi maviri gare gare, airema ariverry akaenda kunotora. Nyika yacho yakatanga kugamuchira mari yekuumbwa kwemitemo yekubereka kubva ku "vatorwa" - pesvedzero yeFord hwaro hwaive chinhu chakakosha.
Muna 1976, Mutungamiriri weIndia, Indira Gandhi, akataura kuti nyika inofanirwa kuderedza huwandu hwekuzvarwa neimwe nzira - uye kuti nekuda kwekununura nyika inogona kudzikamisa vanhu mune yavo kodzero. Nekuda kweizvozvo, 6,5 miriyoni varume veIndian vakamanikidzwa kumanikidzwa vasectomy.
Chimbofungidzira: Usiku, vanopaza mumba usiku, vachikurudzira mukuvhunduka uye kutakura nhungamiro isinganzwisisike kuita nzvimbo yakasarudzika yekushongedza.
Maererano neVashandisi vepamutemo, vasachemy vanofanirwa kuve nevarume chete vakatove vanababa vangangoita vana vaviri, asi sezvazviri, uyu wekurapa wekurapa wakashandiswa kune varume vechidiki vasina kushora zvematongerwo enyika. Chirongwa ichi chakamanikidza vasectomy vakamanikidza vagari vazhinji kuti vasiye kutsigira kosi yezvematongerwo enyika. Wezvematongerwo enyika akasarudza kuti inguva yekushandura kune vakadzi kuti vaone kukura kwenyika.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, vakadzi vazhinji vakabatirirwa: Kune rimwe divi, nyika yakarembera pamusoro pazvo nechirongwa charo chekusvibisa, kune rumwe rutivi kumisa kudzvinyirira kwemhuri, ivo vaifanira kuve nechimwe chinhu chekubereka Mwanakomana. Vana vechikadzi, zvinowanzoitika munharaunda yechinyakare, havana kufungwa zvakanyanya kuvanhu.Mukupera kwema1970s, nhamba huru yemakiriniki ekuronga yakavhurwa muIndia - vakadzi vaigona kuona pano vangada kupindira nepamuviri, pamwe nevakadzi vese vaishuvira kupaza nzvimbo kana kuisa insruterine spiral. Uyezve vakadzi vakanyatsoziva nezve mhedzisiro, vakaramba kubvisa chinyararire, kana nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero akazvinakidza zvakanyanya kumukadzi - icho chiri mukupedzisira chakatungamira kuchiedza chekubvisa miganho nenzira dzakakodzera uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kukuvadza kune hutano hwavo.
Maposita akatanga kuoneka mumigwagwa: "Mhuri inofara imhuri diki."
Zvinangwa zvezvematongerwo enyika zvinoumbwa zvakatemwa pamatunhu mashanu e19830 yaive yakadaro: Stelilize anosvika mamirioni makumi matatu emamiriyoni emamiriyoni emamwe mamirioni makumi maviri nemashanu.
Maitiro aya akaitwa, ngatitii mune yekuzvidira uye yekumanikidzwa kurongeka: Vakadzi havana kubvisa kubva pamba usiku uye vaisanyengerera. Asi vaisanetseka pamhuri iyi, vakagamuchira mari yekubhadhara mari kupfuudza stelilization.
Kune mushandirapamwe wakakura kudaro munyika, misasa inokosha yakasarudzika yakatangwa, mune iyo Antisanitarian yakakwana (uye dzakarambidzwa muna 2016).
Kazhinji, vakadzi vakaunganidzwa muRebha dzeGungano dzezvikoro, vakamanikidzwa kuenda pasi, uyezve gynecologist yakauya kuimba yacho ndokuenda kuimba yacho uye vakapedza kusimba kwavo.
Sarita Barpanda Sangano rekodzero dzevanhu, anowedzera kuti mamwe maGynecologists akasungirirwa kuti ashandurwe uye akamanikidzwa kushandisa mabhesi ekushanda (uye mumwe munhu anofunga gehena ari kudenga, uye kwete pasi). Mune nhau dzinowanzotamiswa nezverufu rwevakadzi mushure mekupaza mashandiro emamiriro asina kuchena - dambudziko revakadzi gumi nevaviri kuchamhembe kweChhattishharcha rakava chiratidzo.
Muna 1991, Director Dired Dunray yakaburitsa zvinyorwa nezvechisimba kwevakadzi muIndia inonzi "Zvinotaridzika sehondo." Tarisa uone zvakanyanyisa: Pane mamwe mapuranga atinoona kuti vakadzi vanowira sei pakuvhiya muhoro, uye panzvimbo pevairiya, mumwe munhu anobva kune anonyanya kuvapa munguva yavo inotyisa kuti itumire ruoko. Uye pamapuranga anotevera, gynecologist nekuzvikudza vanoti aipedza maminitsi makumi mana pane yekutanga kushanda kwehupenyu hwake, uye zvino ichiita mumasekonzi makumi mana.
Iyo heroine yefirimu, iyo yakabvunzurudzwa nehurefu, kutaura nemwoyo wose nezvekuti hupenyu hwadzo zvachinja sei mushure mekuenda kumwedzi: "Kana isu tine nguva yemwedzi, tinowana simba rinoshamisa - simba rekubereka mwana. Iko hakuna varume veimba iyi. Naizvozvo, ivo vakauya nezvirangaridzo izvi zvese: Usabate panguva yekuenda kumwedzi, usabate chimwe chinhu, usauya mukicheni. "
Rimwe heroine akarasikirwa nevana vana mukati mehupenyu rinoti: "Vana ndidzo huru sosi, hatina hupfumi." Ani naani anorarama muurombo haagoni kuve nechokwadi chekuti vana vavo vachararama kusvika vakuru vezera - kwekurapwa kazhinji kazhinji vachingopera mari. Naizvozvo, vakadzi vanoda kubereka zvakare, mutariro yekuti pane mumwe munhu anobva kune vana vanokura uye vanogona kuvabatsira.
Nhasi, marongero ekubereka muIndia anosiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana. Mamwe maIndia anoti akagamuchirwa uye kubvumira mhuri kuve nevana vaviri chete (izvo zvinowanzoita kuti ubve pane zvekubvisa nhumbu, kana vaviri vacho vakamirira kuti musikana akamirira), uye vese vane vana vanopfuura vaviri havabvumirwe basa revanhu.
Kushandisa kwete zviyero zvizhinji zvehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu: kana muna 1960 mukadzi mumwe nemumwe akabereka avhareji Musiyano wakawanda mutsauko kubva kuhurumende kuenda kuHurumende). Chinangwa che20025 ndechekuunza huwandu hwekubereka kuna 2.1. Mutengo upi? Chikadzi chinoshungurudza chinoramba chiri nzira inonyanya kuzivikanwa yekudzivirira kubata musimba.
Sekureva kwesangano zvakavanzika, dambudziko rakakura muhuwandu hweIndia ndiko kushaya dzidzo yebonde yakakwana (chete 25% yehuwandu hwakamboshanyira mamwe makirasi akadaro).
Paunenge uchionana nehurongwa hwemhuri-yemhuri, vakadzi nevarume vanobva vangopa nzira dzisingaperi dzekudzivirira kubata pamuviri. Hapana anovatsanangura kuti vari munyika yemazuva ano kune mhando dzakasiyana dzekudzivirira iyo nzira imwe neimwe ine zvakanakira uye kana achikwanisa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvinoitika kuti mhuri dzichiri kumanikidzwa kusarudza kuti ndiani evakaroorana anotumirwa kuStelization kana Musicctomy. Asi panguva imwe chete, vasectomy yakasvibiswa munyika mushure mezvematongerwo enyika vakasangana neCoolking Indira Gandhi nevarume vazhinji ava vanoramba maitiro aya, nekuti vanotenda kuti vacharasikirwa nehurume hwavo.
Naizvozvo, vakadzi vanowanzotumirwa pakuvhiya. Uye zvakadaro, sangano rakavanzika rinoona mwenje pakupera kweiyo tunaki: Nekuda kwekupararira kwedhijitari, kwaive nemukana wekuti ruzivo rwezvenzira dzakasiyana siyana dzichaendeswa kuhuwandu hwevanhu, kunyangwe munzvimbo dzevarombo ve Nyika.
Yakagadzirwa muIndia: Iyo boom yekushambadzira yekuongorora amai uye kurambidzwa kwake
Imwe nyaya inorwadza munhoroondo yemutemo weIndia yaive yekutengeserana yekupa mai, nguva yakareba isina kudzorwa nemutemo. Kunyanya kuzivikanwa kushanyirwazve kushanyirana munyika ino kwakava mu2000 kune vasina vakadzi vakaroora kubva kuNorth America neWestern Europe.
Maitiro acho pachaive akacheka zvakanyanya pane dzimwe nyika, uye maIndia anoongorora masangano akatanga kuoneka sehowa. Kazhinji, maneja akanyengerwa nevatengi vavo vekumadokero, vachitaura kuti amai vekupedzisira vanogashira "basa" ravo rakawanda huwandu, uye kutaura zvazviri, pakushandisa kwemwana, zvakabhadharwa zviuru zviviri zvemadhora chete. Zvakafanana zvakanyatso tsanangurwa mugwaro "rakagadzirwa muIndia" Rebecca herovit naVaisali Singh.
Masangano mazhinji evanhu ane kodzero anokwezva kutarisisa kumatambudziko ekunyora matinity kuIndia: Nyaya dzaive dzinozivikanwa kana vanaamai vanowedzera vakafa panguva yekuzvitakura, nekuti havana kupihwa kurapwa kwakakodzera. Munhau, zvimwe chete uye nyaya yairatidzika semisoro yemapurazi ekunyora - makiriniki ekubereka, ayo akavharirwa naamai vanowedzera mukati meiyo nguva yese yekuzvitakura kusvikira pakubereka. Matambudziko epamutemo ane mutengesi wevacheche haawanzo kuitika.
Kushoropodzwa kwenyika dzese uye kwemukati kwakawedzera, uye semhedzisiro muna 2015, amai vekutengeserana vamai vakarambidzwa zvizere nemutemo. Muna 2016, mitemo yacho yakachinja zvishoma: vakaroora vasina vana vanobva kuIndia, izvo pamwe chete kwemakore anopfuura mashanu vakatenderwa kushandisa tekinoroji yekunyora amai. Makore mashoma gare gare, maitiro aya akabvumidzwa kuita vakadzi vakasurukirwa vangada kuva nevana, asi havagone kuita izvi mumarekodhi ekurapa.
Kusvika pakuremekedza kwakadaro, kwakaoma kutaura kuti: Hazvibviri kusabvisa zvakakwana mukana wakadaro uyo mari yemurume anoongorora muhamvuropu. Asi kushungurudzwa kwevakadzi veIndia semashini ekugadzirwa kwevana vevakaroora varoora kubva munyika dzakasimukira.
Uchiri kuverenga pamusoro wenyaya