Chaizvoizvo makore makumi mana apfuura, Kukadzi 11, 1981, muPoland pakanga pasina chinhu chakafanana nechiitiko chakakosha: Mutungamiriri wekare akachinja. Silovik, Gurukota reNational Defense Wodolesh Yarzhelsky yakava mutariri mutsva wedare. Pamberi penyika yaive yakamirira twist rusina kumbobvira tamboona nziyo, mutemo wehondo, uchitarisa mumaoko ezvesimba masimba masimba ese munyika uye anenge gumi emakore ekupikiswa nesimba uye ane ruzivo. 42.tut.by nezve zviitiko izvi.
Poland mune zviuru makumi manomwe: Goridhe uye zvikwereti
Makumi manomwe akave akaenzana egoridhe zera rePolish People's Republic. Iyo kambani yakanzwa Simba rayo: Vakawanda varatidziri vevashandi pamhenderekedzo yeBaltic Coast, kunyangwe vakasarudza kuti vapfure kuti vatungamire vePPP (ingalojie yeCPSU muPoland) vladislav Gomulka. Nzvimbo yake yakatorwa neRiberal Edward Hondo.Hurumende yakaburitsa zvishoma pasuo, uye iyo "thaw" uye iyo yekuyerera kwetsika yakatanga muPoland. Angey Wida naKhysth Zanyssy, Daniel olshykh naBarbara Brylsk vakapfurwa, Anna Hermann akaimba uye anna yarter. Iyo Warsaw bywely yakamhara yekutanga muSoviet block yeCaca-Cola, uye Poland seyese yakagashira ironic zita "reiyo merry barrack mune yehukama". Moscow haana kuvhara: makumi manomwe emakore e "kudzingwa" neWest, uye simba rekupindira nenzasi mushure mekudzvinyirira kwe "Prague Spression" muna 1968, Brezhnev haana kurwisa.
Asi nyaya yacho muhupfumi yePoland haina basa. Zvivakwa zveindamire maindasitiri vaiteerera, iyo nyika yaida kasimusi yekudzoreredza - uye mari yeizvi, hutungamiriri hwePPP hwakasarudza kutora kumadokero, uye kwete maAllies mumubatanidzwa. Hupfumi hwePNP hwakawanda hwazara nemutero wemakwereti: Vaitarisira kuti munguva pfupi yezvikorekedzo zvese zvaigona kupa nekuda kwekuwedzera purofiti.
Nekudaro, makore gumi apera, chikwereti chacho chazadzisa hunhu hwemadhora mazana maviri emadhora, uye purofiti haina kuoneka: nekuda kwehuwori, zvekuzvidira uye zvemukati zve "hupfumi" hwepamusoro "hupfumi hwakundikana. Mari yakachengetedzwa muhupfumi sekunge ikanyungudika isina kuunza iyo yekuvandudzwa kwaunoda.
Izvo hazvina kudikanwa kuti uverenge nyika dzekumadokero kunyora zvikwereti: Ivo pachavo vaive vakaoma pamberi penhamo yemafuta. Iyo Soviet Union haina kushuvira kuchengetedza hupfumi hwePolish. Nekuda kweizvozvo, pakupera kwemakore makumi manomwe, "Goridhe" zera "nekukurumidza uye zvakazara zvakapera, Poland yaive padanho rekudonha kwehupfumi.
Masherufu aive asina chinhu muzvitoro, zvese zvinogona kutumirwa kunze kwenyika kunze, mitengo yakakura (iyo yaive yakasimbisa hupfumi hwakarongwa). Vashandi vakasimuka zvakare kuti varatidzwe. Kupfura ivo havasati vakurumidza, asi vamiririri vakateedzerwa, vakadzingwa, uye nzira yekudzora muhafu yechipiri yegumi yakava yakajairwa. Mukupindura, iyo inclligentsia yakagadzira komisheni yekodzero dzevanhu kana kor (Komitet Obrony Robotników).
Kurova uye kubatana
Iyo Sign Sign yaive Chikunguru 1, 1980 - pazuva iri hurumende yakawedzera mitengo yenyama. Vashandi havana kutakura: Kutanga vakapaza kuratidzira muLublin, ipapo nzvimbo yavo yakatamira kuGDansk: Ikoko Dare Rinoyera remubato rakagadzirwa rakatungamirwa nemagetsi emugodhi wechikepe. Huwandu hwevakarova vakaverengerwa nemazana ezviuru, munhoroondo zviitiko izvi zvakanangiswa sePoland Nyamavhuvhu. Panguva ino njere uye vashandi vakaita pamwe chete.
Dare rekurova uye kor rakabatanidzwa pamwe chete nevashandi vanoshanda makumi maviri nemaviri Panguva imwecheteyo, kubatana kwakazvimiririra kwakazvidzwa, uye kodzero yepamutemo yekurova, uye ruzivo rwakavimbika pane mamiriro ezvemagariro enyika, uye kutora hurukuro mukukurukurirana kwekuchinja kunodiwa.
Kiyi yekuzvimiririra mibatanidzwa yaive kiyi: Watova muPasitumbe kurova matare akazivisa kushamwaridzana kwavo - anozvimiririra-anozvitonga - kubatana ", izvo zvakazoitika kuti vakazoita ngano. Matanda acho achipotsa tsoka dzavo ": Mamiriyoni manomwe (yechishanu chevagari) vakanyorwa muUni Nyowani Mubatanidzwa mumwedzi 20, yevaichitima mamikiri maCommunist (yechitatu pPP). Lech valens yakava sachigaro. Mbudzi 10, iyo Bray Union yakava pamutemo.
PNP PNP Stormilo. "Resununguko" denderedzwa, dzakatungamirwa nekukasira simba rekurasa, magiya haana kugadziriswa kuti ashandise masimba ekushanda, (wekare wedombo) aisada kuenda kune chero kubvumirana.
Iyo Donineering "Pendulum" yeAugust-Gunyana yakapfurwa kakati wandei, uye semamiriro ezvinhu akagadzirwa nedzimwe dual: Pane rimwe divi, iyo hutungamiri hwePPP inozivikanwa nezvimwe zvinodiwa nevashandi (kutanga pane zvese, Kusikwa kwemabatiro akazvimirira akazvimiririra, ayo akatungamira kusikwa kwe "kusununguka"), nemumwe - Edward Herlek akasiyiwa, kutsiva Kanya pane yakaomarara stanislav. Ivo vekupedzisira vaisava ve "bato kongiri", vanomiririra muenzaniso kwete kukanganisika, vakagadzirira kuita chiito uye chikwapuro, uye gingerbread. Nekudaro, zvaive pachena kuti nguva yekuita ichakurumidza kutanga. Akatanga.
Matambudziko eviremera aive zvakanyanya zvakakomba zvekuti waisanzwisisika, ndeipi chinzvimbo chaizotora mauto - kutendeka kwemauto hakuna kuvimbiswa. Ndokusaka munaAugust muna Nyamavhuvhu, hurukuro dzekutanga dzakatanga nezvekutanga kwenhamba yeSoviet mauto kuPoland. Iyo USSR haina kukwanisa kurasikirwa nePolish Satellite yeUSSR: Pakanga pasina kubatana neboka rakasimba reSoviet kuGerman, pombi iyi yaive yekurasikirwa nekutonga kwemafuta "(uye kutumirwa kwemafuta Union hwaive hwakanyanya kubva pakati pemakore makumi manomwe.
Zvakadaro, kupindira kwakazara kweMoscow panguva iyoyo kwaisada zvachose, kana zvisiri zvachose, nyika yacho yaive yakadzika muhondo yeAfghan, uye "yechipiri hutungamiri hwehukama kugovera zviwanikwa kuti zviitwe usatsva. MuUSSR, nhetembo inosiririsa yakazvarwa:
Pany naPani,
Teerera Kanya,
Uye ipapo vanya ichauya
Uye ichave yakaita se Afghanistan ...
Nekudaro, kusarudzika kwe "kusabatana" uye kukura kwekuputika kwenhamba yayo kwakawedzera kutsamwiswa nehutungamiri hwebato reSoviet uye "kongiri" yePPP. Vamiriri ve "vakuru vekare" vemubato, sedare rekutengesa muhuro, uye kubvumirwa kwaari mumapato emazhizha anoonekwa sekurwadza, asi kukundwa kwechinguvana.
Pan yarazelsky
Mumamiriro ehondo inotonhora yevanogadzirisa uye mapapiro anochengetedza musi waFebruary 11, 1981, Sachigaro weDare revashumiri vePoland (panguva imwe chete, akasiya gurukota rezvidziviriro yenyika ). Kugadzwa pachivande chakakosha cheFodya yekuchengetedza hakuna kunyatsonaka: Hondo inoshandiswa munharaunda yakanaka yakanaka uye yese dismanrum yakatarisana nePPP. Kusiyana neizvozvo, munhu asiri we "kongiri" yaiita kunge isiri yepamoyo yemutungamiriri waunogona kuita bhizinesi.
Nekudaro, veruzhinji muYarazelsky vakanganisa. Ehe, iye akange asina bato rakasimba rekare, kuve hupenyu hwake hwese hwakabatana neuto. Akatamira kuShentehtsky, akatamira kuLithuania kuenda kuLithuania aine makore gumi nematanhatu, anobva kuRepublic kusvika kuUSSR akabatana neSiberia reruzivo. Ndakaviga Baba ikoko, vakakuvadza iyo carnea yemazwi ari pamasango (ayo angadai ari magirazi akasviba), asi mukati meHondo yechipiri yenyika ini ndakakwanisa kujoina zvikamu zvePoland zvakaumbwa muUSSR. Muhondo, Yarazelsky akapfuura nehondo kuenda kuElbe pachayo, ndokuzoenderera mberi nebasa rake rehondo.
Pakupera kwamakumi matanhatu, yarzelsky, kuve mutungamiriri wezvekudzivirira kwenyika, akagamuchira ruzivo rwekutanga rwekupinda mumauto kuti aponese mubairo kubva mukuchinja: Makumi ezviuru zvematongerwo enyika vakatora basa re "Prague Spring. Makore maviri gare gare, mauto ePolish kubva kuZivo yeYarazelsKom Saka shandisa simba kune iyo yekutanga yekutanga yaive, kazhinji, kwete yekutanga. Uyezve, zvaisakwanisa kukanganisa "uye nevakuru ve" uye zviremera: Iyo yekutanga yakagadzirira kurohwa, yechipiri mushure mekutaurirana kwekutanga kwaidzivirirwa uye kwaisada shanduko. Parallel Polore, tinorangarira kuti nyika ine mwero padanho rekubhuroka, uye muhafu yekutanga ya1981 nekuda kwenhamo, mari yemapuranga yenyika yakawa ne15%.
Matanho ezvehupfumi okuti hurumende yakapihwa kugadzirisa dambudziko mumamiriro ezvinhu emafungiro mazhinji, aive asiri wepakutanga: kudzivirira kushomeka, yarraelsksksky yakapa zvakanyanya kumutsa mitengo yekudya uye mafuta. Kufanana kwakatyisidzira kushushikana, uko kunovanda shure kwekuda kwekuchinja kwedemokrasi, uye kwakati "simba revanhu hazvigone kupihwa, iro simba rezvemagariro, uye harizopiwi."
Pakati pa1981, hutungamiri hwePPP zvishoma nezvishoma hunowedzera kushingairira kushanduro: "zvinoitwa" zvinosimbisa zviremera zvakanyanya nezvematongerwo enyika. Kutyisidzira iyo monopoly yePolish Communist kuita nyika.
Panguva iyoyo, nenzira, mubvunzo wekupindira kweSoviet hauna kumira kare: semuenzaniso, pakanga paine "chesitenlumero mikhail suslov, chiso chechipiri mudunhu (zvakakomba kurwara brezhnev zvakare havana kumhanyisa kuunza mauto). Chokwadi, nzvimbo yeruzhinji, kuramba kwekupinda kwakazotevera gare gare.
Kunenge muna December, kubatana kwakaronga kuratidzira kwakawanda pamhemberero yekutsiva kwevatsigiri muna1970. Uye pano Yar zelsky, uyo akatarisa pane iyo nguva simba rese riri munyika (Gumiguru 18, akatsiva Kanya positi remunyori wekutanga wePPP) akarova: Mutemo wehondo wakaunzwa munyika. Musi waDecember 12, manhamba ese (wedunhu) emapurisa akawana ma envelopes akachengetwa kubva kuna Kurume - izvo, isa ipapo mumwedzi weWojcaja nemutungamiri weWajcaja.
Mune mahamvuropu ane mirayiridzo: kutora kutonga kwese kwekutaurirana, radio, terevhizheni, kuvhura vatariri vese ve "kubatana", izvo zvichakwanisa kusvika. Muchinamato chakazoitika kuve valens, mazhinji ebhuku rekutengeserana mubatanidzwa, uye nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero, iyo yekutanga secretary wekutanga werunyoro rwelward hamba. Hurumende yakavhara miganhu, yakarambidza masangano ese everuzhinji, nyaya yezve zvese zvakazara midhiya.
Iko kusuma kwemauto kwave kushanda kukuru kwemapurisa kushanda muzana remakore rechi20: Chiva chiuru chimwe chete chevanhu vaisanganisira vashandi veZomo (saka Poland Poland Mapurisa). Uye 250 zviuru zvemauto pamakumi zviuru zvematani matangi uye vane varwi vearnel vatakuri. Yainonoka chaizvo vanhu vangangosvika zviuru zvishanu, munguva pfupi yakanga yakawedzerwa kwavari zvakanyanya.
"Nyika yevashandi nevarimi" yakakonzera kurova kwevashandi uye varimi, kuzvizivisa nekupokana-kumukira. Simba riri munyika rakatamira kuCondia rehondo reNational Runnal (Wojskowa Radlenia Narodowego, wron). Mukutaura kunotevera, Yarazelsky akati: "Ini ndinopa mhosva idzi nemauto ekurara zviremera, mukuparadzira ruvengo, kutyora mutemo nguva dzose, mukuparadzwa kwehupfumi , nderekuti mauto aya akatyisidzira mubatanidzwa uye kuchengetedzeka kwenyika. Ini ndinopa mhosva vanhu ava mukushungurudzwa kwekuvimba kwemamirioni evanhu vakatendeseka kunobatanidzwa mune inowedzera ine njodzi omw.
Pashure pacho, Wojcih, Yarazilsky akasimbirira kuti akaunza Mutemo wehondo chete nechinangwa chekudzivirira kuunganidzwa kwemauto eiyo soviet bloc nyika dzeSoviet. Nhasi Hazvizive: Mushure memakumi emakore, hapana humbowo hwakananga hwekugadziriswa kweiyo mauto haagone kuwanikwa - zviri pachena kuti Mutemo wehondo wakagadzirirwa pachine nguva.
Kudzikisira kwevanhu kwakakwanisa kudzvinyirira kwete nekukurumidza. Vashandi vakatora makumi emabhizimusi muWarsaw, Gdansk, Whiteclow nedzimwe maguta. Kazhinji, uto neZomo vakashanda seizvi: iro gedhi rebindu rakabaya tangi, mushure meizvozvo mauto ekuchengetedza akapfuura mukati, achisundira fekitori. Muchiitiko chekurwisa, pa "Wood" Wood muSilesia, Zomo yakavhura moto kubva kune vashandi vemufuro kubva pfuti - vanhu vapfumbamwe vakafa. MuGDansk, chiratidzo chakaomeswa akapararira - zvimwe zvitatu zvibayiro.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, pakupera kwegore, kuramba kubatana Unhu hwehukama kwakakwanisa kudzvinyirira. Pasina hutungamiri hwepakati, mamirioni evatsigiri vakasiya pasi pevhu "kubatana" hakuna kugona kuronga zvinobudirira. Mepu yeYarozelyky yaidza uye kwenguva yakati wandei kuvapo kweCommunist Poland.
Matanda akaratidzira sezvavaigona. Migove yekubatana, Italian inobata pabasa, mapepa uye mapepa, anti-hurumende graffiti. Pfuma yeWrone yakafanana neyakafanana neyarohwa neyarohwa (crow), uye pamadziro kazhinji yaive zvakanyorwa kuti "Eagle Vorona kuti arege kukunda", "WNGON YOKUTI" Kuvhara Graffiti ndakatumira mapoka akakosha.
Saka, iyo "Shrimp" nokudaro Poland, Yarazilsky uye nzvimbo dzake dzakakukomberedza harigoni "kunyarara" hupfumi. MunaFebruary 1982, mutengo wechikafu wakawedzera ne 241 muzana, ne 171 muzana - pamagetsi uye kupisa. Mabhizinesi akagadza akagadza mauto emauto kuti 'asimbise chirango uye kubereka kwebasa "- kusvika pakasvika pakubatsira, zvakaoma kutonga.
Mamiriro ehondo akagara kusvika muna Chikunguru 22, 1983, zvaive zvakakodzera hupenyu kupfuura vanhu zana uye havana kugadzirisa chero dambudziko. Kubatana kwacho kunokunda mumunda wepamutemo kwakaramba kuchishanda pasi pevhu, iko kuvimba kwevanhu kuPPP kwakawira ku zero, uye hupfumi hauna kubatsira hupfumi hweWajciech. Zvakangodaro, PNR yakagara mamwe makore mashoma - anenge kusvikira pakupera kwemakore gumi. Yazareilsky pachake pakupedzisira akapa simba kune iyo leach valense uye akararama kusvika 2014. Tut.by.