Nhasi, maJuda ane yavo mamiriro, uye chimwe chikamu cherudzi urwu runogara munharaunda yedzimwe nyika. Asi kana vaimbova "vatisingazive" muEurope, nekutenda kwavo, tsika nemisikanzwa. Zvimwe zvinogara zvisingachinjiki, zvinoreva kuti mumwe munhu. Saka kuratidzwa kwakawanda kweanti-Semitism, kunobva kuMiddle Ages. Asi mubvunzo mukuru unosara: Sevanhu vane vanhu vane mavambo (Middle East), vava muguta reEurope, uye mune mamwe maguta ezana reRussia muzana ramakore re19 uye zvachose kusvika kune vanopfuura makumi matatu muzana?
Prehistory
Pakutendeuka kwechipiri uye 1 Mireniyumu, madzinza eJuda akatanga kumira mumadzinza eSemakem. Vaive vanhu vekutanga, pakati peizvozvo monothism yakatangwa - kutenda muna Mwari mumwe. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vanhu vakagamuchira mazita maviri: maJuda (semuEtnos) uye maJuda (sekutenda). Pasina nguva ivo vakazogadzira Umambo hwavo, vatongi vane mbiri dzaDavid naSoromoni. Kubva kuSoromoni. Kubva pane kupesana kwakawanda kwemukati, kwaiwanzoitika kupokana nevavakidzani. Pakutanga, vaAsiria vakarwisa Umambo hwechiJudha, uye akazopedzisira aparadza Bhabhironi rekare. Wakatopera Mireniyumu yekutanga, Judhiya yakava dunhu rehumambo hweRoma. Takatanga kubuda minda yavo uye kuenda rwendo rurefu. Chikamu chacho chakaenda kumabvazuva, kuIndia uye kuenderera mberi kusvika kumaodzanyemba kweAsia, chikamu - kuNorth Africa, uye kuburikidza neGibraltar kuEurope kana East - chikamu - kusvika kumabvazuva kweMutemo weRoma.
Nhoroondo seFardov
Muzana ramakore rechinomwe, vaJudha vechinorth Africa vakawira pasi pesimba reArabha veArabha. Vakagamuchira rumwe rusununguko uye kodzero yekugara mundima yeEurope, pane dzazvino nyika dzeSpanish. Spain mumutauro wevaJudha vekare vakanzi "SFard", zvichiteerana, iri boka revaJudha rakatanga kufonera Sefard. Vakataura mumutauro weLadino, iyo yakagadziridzwa pahwaro hwemutauro weSpanish. Evere-sefrards muArabia simba raiita kutengeserana, vakasika nharaunda yavo, kunamatwa kwavo. Munguva yeanotaura, vaSpanish vakakwanisa kudzinga maArabu uye kugadzira humambo hweSpain. Pashure pe1992, maSefrdai maJaperrama akagamuchira chirevo: kana Chikristu kutora, kana spain.
Pogroms yechiJuda yakatanga, kubvunza zvakare kwakaparadzawo nharaunda dzechiJudha. Chikamu cheSefardov chakafa, uye chikamu chacho chaive chigunwe mudenga reOttoman. Vakatenderwa kugara muBalkan, guta reGreek reTesaroniki rakava musimboti weSefardov. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, nharaunda yevaJudha yemuno yakave ishungurudzwa. Nhasi kune maJuda anopfuura mamirioni mazana mapfumbamwe nemashanu, iwo madzitateguru eSefardov. Inenge hafu inogara muIsrael, iyo yakakura diaspora - muFrance (anenge zviuru mazana matatu).
NHOROONIE ASHKENENZI
Pakutanga kwekugara kukuru kwevanhu, vamwe vevaJudha vanobva Palestine vakatamira kumiganhu yehushe hweRoma. Vaifanira kugovera pasi nemadzinza echiGerman. Chimwe chikamu chevaJudha chakave mutongo wedare muKhazar kuKaranate, iyo yaive muBasin yeLon uye muzana yezana rechigumi, machinda eRussia, Svyatoslav naVradimir The Great vakaparadza simba remagetsi. Vazhinji vavaJudha vakaenda kumadokero, vachigara kuGerman. Pakupera kwemakore epakati, davi rakaparadzana revanhu vechiJudha, dzaitaura yiddish rakaumbwa. Mutauro uyu wakaumbwa pasi pesimba reGerman. Iri boka revaJudha rakanzi "Ashkenazy", kubvira mumakore ekutanga emakore ekuGermany vakadaidza kuti "Ashkenaz". Mumazana emakore gumi nematatu kuGermany, kushushwa kwevaJudha kwakatanga. Vazhinji venharaunda yechiJudha vakatanga kubvunza pekugara kubva kuPoland. Iyo yekutanga yakakosha vevaJudha yakapa Mambo Casimir Mukuru. MaJuda vaive vatengesi, vaitasanha kazhinji maneja pamapivi ehuni. Muzana ramakore rechigumi nematanhatu, vangangoita 80% yevaJudha vaJudha vakanga vatogara muPoland. Masinagogi makuru akange ari kuKrakow, Lviv, Grodno, Warsaw nedzimwe maguta. Vilnius uye anonzi Lithuanian Jerusarema zvachose. Nhasi muZholkva (Ukraine), Sinagogi rekudzivirira rezana ramakore rechi 17 rakachengetedzwa, rinoratidza kuti panguva iyoyo, nharaunda dzechiJudha dzaisagara dzakachengeteka. Kunyangwe mune pekugara pundutso. Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18, nyika zhinji dzePolish dzakapinda muHumambo hweRussia. Munyika yose, "kukuvadzwa kwekunzwa" kwakaitwa - mutsara wacho waisakwanisa kufambiswa. Kuedza kwakaitwa nehurema hwevaJudha. Vakagamuchira rurnames rurnamaza, kazhinji mukuremekedza nzvimbo: Brodsky, Slutsky, etc. Imwe yemaguta makuru echiJudha aive Odessa.
Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, hupenyu muumambo hweRussia hwakawedzera, kuratidzwa kwakakura kweanti-Semitism kwakatanga: Evhizimusi Pogranda Propaganda uye kunyange mitengo ("Baleis"). MaJuda aive nenzira nhatu: Kurwira kwezvematongerwo enyika uye nekuedza kugara Uye mizvibodzwa zvakakwirira zvakavatendera kuti vararame zvakanaka. Pashure pa1917, iyo Bourgeoisie yekutanga kwechiJudha yakatanga Russia, ichitya bolhemeks. Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti mavambo emapato mazhinji muumambo hweRussia vanhu vechiJudha, zvakadaro, kupinda kwavo mumakwenzi eSerc kana bolshevic vanoratidza kuti "kufadza" kwavo vachimiririra "Russianness".
Mubvunzo wechiJudha muPasirese Politics
Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 20, mubvunzo wechiJudha wakakoshesa nharaunda yenyika. Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, Theodore Herzl ndiye akatanga kuumba nheyo dzeZionism - nyika yechiJudha. Chinangwa chake ndechekugadzira Israeri. Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, muna 1948, UN vakaziva kuvapo kweIsrael, kudzokorodza kwakawanda kwevaJudha kwakatanga kumusha kwenhoroondo. Panguva imwecheteyo, hondo dzechiArabhu-dzevaIsrael rakatanga kurongeka kwerunyararo rwePalestine. MaJuda eEurope vakava nevatambudzi. Idzi dzaive zvese Ashkeny uye Sefard. Hitler haana kuteerera nezvazvo, kunyangwe kana Ashkenyazy akataura neIddish, mamwe mazwi kubva kune izvo zvaive pachena kune maGerman. Nhasi hatingaoni nyika yakakosha, yechiJudha muEurope, iyo yakawedzera mumaguta mazhinji epakati uye Eastern Europe. Uye handizonzwa kuti yidisha, vazhinji vevaJudha vanotaura chiHebheru.