Ati: "Amategeko ya mbere abuza kwanduza amazi n'umwuka yagaragaye mu ntangiriro ya XIX. Nibyo, ndetse n'inyandiko nk'izo z'ibihugu byinshi by'Uburayi, ntabwo byari bikubiyemo ibipimo bisobanutse kugira ngo bakureho umwanda. Kugerageza guteza imbere ingamba nyinshi zuzuye zo kurwanya umwanda mu nganda zatangiye mu myaka ya 1890 kandi ntizihwema impinduramatwara. Umushakashatsi mukuru w'ikigo cyitwa Contive mu nzego nkuru yagize atigeze azana ibisubizo bikomeye mu ndege n'amategeko, ariko ikoranabuhanga ryagutse ku bidukikije ", Tito Andrei Vinogradov.
Dukurikije umuhanga mu by'amateka, akenshi umwanda w'amazi n'umwuka ku myanda ingana yibeshye bigaragara ko ari ikibazo kigezweho cyarazwe mu bihe by'Abasoviyeti. Abantu bake nibuka ko mu gihe cyo kunganda hakiri kare, isosiyete yakiriye amahirwe akomeye yo kurema no guhuza ibintu, kandi yahuye bwa mbere, kandi ashyira mu bikorwa ku bidukikije n'ubuzima byateganijwe. Ahari rero, gushiraho ibitekerezo byemewe muri rusange kubyerekeye umwanda hamwe nuburyo bwo kurwanya byari bimaze igihe kirekire.
Ati: "Mu kinyejana cya XIX (kandi atari cyo), amahame y'isuku yakoreshejwe neza: undi, undi, ku rundi ruhande, ashobora kwiruka cyane. Muri icyo gihe, ibimera n'inganga byabaye byinshi, ariko gusa muri bo byabaye ikibazo cyo guhangayikishwa na leta. "
Ni mfite amatsiko yo gukemura ubwambere mu Burusiya ku bijyanye no kubahiriza ibipimo by'isuku mu kubaka inganda mu kubaka ingamba, yashatse gukemura ikibazo cy'umwanda mu gukuraho impamvu. Byabaye mu 1803: Alexandre natangaje ko itegeko rya ba guverineri ritanga raporo ku "nganda" n'inganda "mu murimo w'imbere kandi ntitureke kubaka mu mijyi.
"Murakoze ku itegeko ryo mu 1803, Minisiteri y'ibibazo y'imbere yabaye ububasha buhebuje bwo gukemura ibibazo bijyanye n'umwanda mu nganda (hanyuma uguma kuri revolution). Icyakora, ba guverineri hateganijwe gusa gutanga raporo ku bibazo, kandi ntibikemure. Byongeye kandi, iryo tegeko ntiriha amabwiriza ajyanye n'ibimera byangiza byari bimaze kubakwa ku mpamvu z'amategeko. B 1818 Umuyobozi wa Minisiteri ya Polisi, Counth Vyazminov yasabye baverineri kuzuza itangazo ry'umusaruro, "kurengana n'umwanda cyo kubyara".
Urutonde rwagaragaye ko rushimishije, kubagabana no kumenya ingamba zikwiye za Minisiteri y'imbere mu gihugu zishobora gusa mu 1826. Ibimera byasabwe kwimurira ahantu hashya hanze yimijyi no munsi yinzuzi. Icyemezo cy'iki kibazo cyahawe manda y'imyaka icumi, ariko ntibyari bihagije ku gipimo cy'ubwami. Ahantu nk'aha hagomba kuboneka kwegereye umujyi (muri kiriya gihe bazuye vuba), ariko ntabwo ari kure cyane kugirango batakaza uburyo bwo gutwara abantu. Muri icyo gihe, amategeko ntiyagaragaje intera yemewe, yateje iki cyemezo cy'ikibazo ", Andrei Vinogradov.
Igihe ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko iyubakwa ryo kubaka ibigo byangiza mu mijyi byinjiye mu mategeko y'Uburusiya igihe kitazwi. Kugeza mu 1917, yagumye mu 408 ingingo yerekeye Amasezerano y'ubwubatsi, asoma ati: "Inganda n'inzego zangiza, mu mijyi no hejuru y'imijyi no ku mijyi no ku miti. Niba aho hamaze kubaho, hanyuma minisitiri wimbere mubikorwa, hamwe nibisobanuro byihariye byubwiza bwabo nibiciro. Kugira ngo ibyo bigo birebire, abayobozi b'intara bategekwa gutanga ahantu no gukwirakwiza abashishikajwe na bo kugira ngo babeho kugira ngo hatabaho ibigo nk'ibi bigomba gutegurwa ahantu hose. "
Icyakora, ibikorwa by'ibi bisanzwe byari bike mu ngingo ya 409 ikurikira, yemereye kuva mu bigo by'ambere mu mwanya wa Minisiteri y'imbere. Inganda zishobora kujuririra Minisitiri w'Ibikorwa, ubusanzwe yari yerekejwe mu ishami ry'ubuvuzi rya Minisiteri y'imbere mu gihugu. Gusa ba nyirubwite bakize, bakoresheje inkunga ya Guverineri ubusanzwe bashobora kwemererwa kurwego nkurwo.
B 1845 yari gutanga ibihano byubugizi bwa nabi no gukosora. Yatangije inshingano z'icyaha, ku buryo butubahirije ubuziranenge bw'umwuka n'amazi ndetse n'ubugizi bwaho ku mazi. Ku bwe, uruganda rwangiza mu ruganda rw'umujyi cyangwa hejuru yarwo rwashenywe n'umugezi kubera nyirabayazana, wagombaga kwishyura amafaranga 50-100. Niba umuryango wubatswe utabiherewe uruhushya, ikindi gihano nindishyinge kubibazo byatewe nabaturage nabyo byateganijwe.
Abatohozakahise gushimangira ko ari kujenjeka cy'amategeko igice kwoshwa ko imposition ibihano gake basanze bikorwa mu makimbirane bifatanya guhumanya. Mu myaka yashize, Akamaro k'ibigo byiyongereye: bazanye inyungu muri Leta kandi batanga uburyo bwo kubaho umubare w'abakozi biyongera. Ariko code yashizwemo ibyemezo bibiri gusa: igihingwa gishobora kumenyekana nkuwangiza kandi gifunze, cyangwa gufatwa nkingaruka kandi kiguma mu mwanya.
Ibice Hagati byabaye nyuma: Igihe Alexander II ivugurura rya Alexander II ryahinduye gahunda y'Ubucamanza ndetse no kwiyita zaho, amategeko y'isuku na yo yarahindutse. Amasezerano y'ibihano (1864) yatangaga inkiko uburenganzira bwo "gukandamiza" ba nyir'uruganda kugira ngo asohore mu mirimo cyangwa ibigega no kwangiza amazi ". Ariko, mu 1870, kubaka ibigo by'inganda bitagira ingaruka mu mijyi mishya byakemuwe.
Urutonde rw'inganda ruteye akaga ningorane zigaragara hanze yimijyi ikorwa na Minisiteri yimbere mu gihugu yerekeye amasezerano na minisiteri yimari. Uburenganzira bwo kwemeza cyangwa kwanga gusaba kubarwa kwabo ni iry'ubutegetsi bw'intara, hitawe ku myanya y'umujyi dum. Umuhanga yizera ati: "Ubudasobanutse bw'imbaraga z'ibicungizo by'imijyi, kugenzura na Zemstvo birababaje kandi bikabije amakimbirane, ariko icyarimwe ni ibintu byiza byo gukorana n'intara."
Nk'uko Andrei Vinogradov, muri Xix na Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya makumyabiri, guverinoma y'Uburusiya ntabwo yasize igitekerezo cyo guteza imbere itegeko rimwe, ryanga amacumbi n'isuku y'ibigo by'inganda mu mijyi. Ibikorwa hano byerekanaga ahanini Minisiteri y'imbere na Minisiteri y'Imari. Rero, mu 1894, Minisiteri y'ibikorwa mu gihugu yatangiye kubyara amategeko y'imyanda yinganda no kurinda amazi yo kunywa. Ibyifuzo byo kuvura amazi yangiritse (ibyifuzo byo kuvura amazi, harimo no muyungurura amakara, kuvoma amariba).
Bidatinze, gahunda yafashwe na minisiteri y'imari, nyuma y'akazi kari "gukuraho inzitizi" iyo ari inzitizi zo gufungura (inzitizi "zafatwaga nk'ibisobanuro bisobanutse neza isuku). Komisiyo yamaze imyaka itari mike, Komisiyo itigeze ishyikirize Inama ya Leta y'Umushinga w'itegeko rishya.
Mu myaka icumi yambere yikinyejana cya makumyabiri, abasirikare (iki gihe kostroma) bongeye gusaba guteza imbere amahame yibanda kubitekerezo byimyanda yumusaruro. Iki kibazo cyagize uruhare mu Nama y'Ubuvuzi cya Minisiteri y'imbere mu Gihugu kandi arekurwa umuzenguruko mu 1908: Amazi atamuwe mu kigega kitari urugero rutarenze dogere 30, ntabwo ari umunuko uvugwa cyangwa ngo ushushanye kandi ube bikwiranye n'ibimera n'ibimera. Ariko, ubwo buryo bwanenze abangavu ba Moscou.
Bagaragaje ku mirimo ya Munich isuku Max von Pettherto n'imyanda y'uburozi bushobora gutegurwa n'inzuzi nini z'amazi. Amashyirahamwe yinganda anasaba gupima imiterere yaho muri buri kibazo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, mu 1912, Umwami w'abami Nicholas wa II yashyize umukono ku ishyirwaho ry '"Komite y'agihe gito mu bushakashatsi bwo kurinda inzego z'amazi zo mu nganda ziva mu nganda n'imyanda y'inganda." Komite yatangiye kwiga inzuzi n'umusaruro uteje akaga mu karere.
Mugihe ubushakashatsi bwerekanye, kurema "Komite yigihe gito" yabyaye amakimbirane hagati ya minisiteri zombi. Minisiteri y'imbere yakomeje guteza imbere umushinga w'itegeko "ku rwego rwo kurengera isuku, amazi n'ubutaka", ariko Leta ya Duma yaramwanze kubera ko ntangarugero y'ingamba zo gukuraho umwanda. Inama itaha ya Duma yari iteganijwe mu 19 Werurwe 1917, ariko ntiyabaye. Igitangaje, nibwo komite "yigihe gito" yari irambye mu bigo byose byagize umwanda.
Yarokotse impinduramatwara yo mu 1917 kandi akomeza gukora nk'igice cy'umuhanda mu izina rishya "Komite Nkuru yoroheje mu Rwanda". Kugeza mu 1931, ibigo byinshi bishaje byatutswe kandi bibaye bimwe mu nzego nini za Leta. Iyi magara yabaye kandi kandi ikirizwa, cyabayeho kuva 1912. Icyakora, kandi nyuma yimyaka, abahanga mu Busowiti, bahanganye n'ikibazo cyo kwanduza, basabye ibyagezweho muri kariya gace. Akazi kakozwe ku nkunga ya RFF mu rwego rw'umushinga No 20-7800134.
Inkomoko: Ubumenyi bwambaye ubusa