Iyo bigeze kuri telesikope yinzovu, abantu benshi babanza kwibuka guhubuka, nubwo mu nzego za kera zashize zohereje ubutumwa bwinshi bwingenzi mumwanya. Kimwe mu bishimishije - "Astron" birazwi, ariko byagenze neza, byatangiwe n'Umwengiro by'Abasoviyeti mu myaka 38 ishize, ku ya 23 Werurwe 1983. Ubu butumwa bwakoraga muri Orbit imyaka umunani aho kuba umwaka wateganijwe kandi wakusanyije imizigo ingirakamaro yubumenyi kuri quasars, inyenyeri na galaktike.
Tuzashyiraho abasomyi bacu hamwe na Hoviett Howervatoical kandi tuvuge ibisubizo ubu butumwa bwagezeho.
Umwanya wikora "astron". Yatekereje iki?
Kuva mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 70, abahanga mu Busoviyeti bifuzaga gukora gahunda yo mu gihugu yashoboraga kumara indorerezi z'inyenyeri, galaxy ikora nibindi bintu muri ultraviolet na x-ray bande. Muri X-ray, quasars, umwobo wirabura nindi mibiri ishimishije kubahanganye, kandi ultraviolet yinyenyeri ivuga kubyerekeye imiti yabo nubushyuhe.
Ikibazo nuko x-imirasire ntabwo igera ku isi, zishingiye ku bice byinshi by'ikirere, bibaho kimwe na UV bigera kuri UV Ray Uburebure runaka (315-400 Nm Ntabwo bishimishije cyane kuri siyanse. Kubwibyo, kugirango ukore neza muri iyi mibare, ugomba kuzamuka muburebure, aho ikirere kidakurinda.
Igice cya siyansi cya porogaramu ya Astron cyashubijwe n'Itsinda ry'Akagari muri Astrofike ya Injige ya Crimean mu buyobozi bwa fiziki Alexander Boyarduk (1931-2015), ndetse n'ibigo by'Abafaransa. Mugutezimbere ibikoresho, ibikoresho bya siyansi byateganijwe - Biro y'Inama Njyanama ya Njyanama NGO YITONYE NYUMA S. Lavochkina. Icyo gihe, inzobere muri Biro ntiyubatse umubumbe umwe.
Abashakashatsi b'Abasoviyeti bahisemo kutitwara "Ibanze" oftoriety Eason Eason Offivevoseatory guhera, ariko guhitamo sitasiyo yuzuye yakoraga neza mu kirere. Hariho impamvu zibiri zayo:
- Gutegura vuba ubushakashatsi;
- Gukiza umushinga.
Byari ngombwa kuba igikoresho cyahuza nibisabwa bikaze. Aribyo:
- irashobora gutwara umushahara rusange muri rusange muburyo bwa telesifori ifite igitekerezo cyo kwiyandikisha kuri galaxy ninyenyeri muri telesikomeyometero X-ray;
- yarinzwe neza n'ingaruka zubushyuhe bwizuba ryacu;
- Nashoboraga kuguma muri orbit, aho ngaruka zo gukandagira imirasire yisi byaba bike.
Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti zari zifite ibikoresho nk'ibi. Mu bisabwa byose, urukurikirane rwa Venus rwarakwiriye, ni ukuvuga Venus-15.
Nibyo, mbere yo gushyira telesikopi kumwanya, yahinduye gato. Yakuweho kuri moteri yafashe kuri sitasiyo ku ruganda rw'indege y'imbere y'isi-Venus n'uruhande rwihariye, aho gushyira mu gaciro, ibice by'izuba, Ibikoresho bya lisansi Gaze yashyizwe ku buryo Icyerekezo cya sitasiyo gishobora guhinduka, imirasire, icyumba cya elegitoroniki, Antenna.
Abashakashatsi barahindutse n'ahantu hatangajwe na optique-elegitoronike ashinzwe kuyobora "umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere". Niba basigaye kimwe uko bahagaze kuri "Venus - 15", bakurikije ibimenyetso bya Scorsor, sitasiyo ya ultraviolet ntishobora guhindura icyerekezo mu kirere, kandi, nka a Igisubizo, ntigishobora gushakishwa ahantu henshi ikirere.
Ibikoresho "Astrona"
Igikoresho nyamukuru cya siyansi "umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere" ni ultraviolet ya dotering ebyiri "Speekey". Yapimaga nka kg 400. Diameter yindorerwamo nyamukuru ni cm 80, uburebure bwibanze ni 8 m, diameter yindorerwamo ya kabiri ni cm 26, uburebure bwa metero 2,7. Sisitemu yoroheje kandi itanga uburyo bunini bwo kureba hamwe nishusho nziza .
Gushiraho telesikopi harimo na ultraviolet sps sps, yatejwe imbere ifatanije n'Ubufaransa. Igikoresho cyari gifite diaphragms eshatu zemerewe kwiga ubwoko butatu bwibintu: inyenyeri zikaba, intege nke z'umubiri hamwe nimibiri yongerewe, nka Nebula, COST. Igikoresho cyanditseho imirasire muburebure kuva 110 kugeza 350 nm no kuva 170 kugeza 650 nm.
Ikindi gikoresho cya siyansi "umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'ikirere" ni telesicope ya x-ray ya tcr Ikigo cya Astronomical. Sternberg. Igikoresho cyari kigizwe nibice bibiri na elegitoroniki kandi wemererwa kwiga ibintu byoroshye, nka neutron stars, dwarf yera. Icyerekezo cyanditseho X-ray radiation murwego kuva kuri 2 kugeza kuri 25 kev kandi yashoboraga gupima buri miriyate 2.28, byatumye bishoboka gukurikirana ibyabaye byingufu byihuse.
Ni ubuhe bumenyi bwabonye "Astron"?
Ku ya 23 Werurwe 1983, roketi ya proton yatwaye indorerezi z'Abasoviyeti. Perigue of telesikope (orbit yegereye isi) yari ku butumburuke bwa km 2,000, na Apogee (kure cyane kuva ku butaka bwa orbit) ku butumburuke bwa 200.000. Orbit nk'iyo yemeye "ATTRON" igihe cyo gukora ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi mu misatsi itari iy'isi, imisatsi y'imirasire y'isi, imisatsi y'imirasire yashoboraga kugira ingaruka ku bikorwa by'ibikoresho. Byongeye kandi, iyi orbit "yakijijwe" kumurika ukomeye wa geocontgeon, bigabanya sesside ya UV yiga.
Ubundi hiyongereye kuri iyi orbit - Inzobere mu Busoviyeti irashobora gukomeza gukurikirana "Astron" mu bintu byabo, bibemerera gushiraho indorerezi ku madizo 200 mu mwaka.
[Ingingo ku ngingo: nka Amerika na Ussr, ukwezi kwifuzaga kubikwa]
"ASTREN" yakoze ubushakashatsi amasaha 3-4 kumunsi. Telesikopi irashobora gusikana umukono wo mwijuru muminota 12, mugihe ukora isomo rimwe kugeza 70.000. Sitasiyo yakoraga muburyo, mugihe cyo kumenya gamma yaturika cyangwa izindi mbaraga zirashobora kuzunguruka vuba mu cyerekezo cyifuzwa cyo kuyobora ultraviolet na X-Ray ibikoresho.
Mugihe cyakazi muri orbit, astronus yakiriye amakuru kumajana ya x-ray, quasars na galakti.
Muri Mata 1986, Observatory y'Abasoviyeti yakoze ubushakashatsi ku burasirazuba bwa Halley kandi bafasha abahanga kumenya umubare nyawo wo guhumeka ibintu bya beatic, birangira gazi ikomeye iyo yegereje izuba.
Nanone, abahanga mu Busoviyeti bakoresheje "Astron" kuri UV boge kwa ozone mu kirere cy'isi, kugirango wumve uburyo misile yatangiriye kumurongo wa ozone. Aya makuru yari akenewe kugirango abe ibidukikije nubushakashatsi bwa gisirikare.
Mu 1987, abahanga bakoresheje indorerezi y'Abasoviyeti no kureba supernova. Muri Gashyantare, umubumbe wacu wageze ku mucyo wo hejuru wa supernova sn 1987a, wabereye muri Galaxy ya Dwarf igicu kinini. Byari byiza cyane kandi bya hafi cyane supernova kuva ivumburwa rya telesikopi. Ati: "Astron" umwe mu ba mbere bakurikiranye iki gikorwa, ubushakashatsi bwagiye amezi 15. Abasoviyeti astrophysiciste bamenye ko SN 1987A ntibyavutse mu gihe cy'inyenyeri ikonje ya luminisity, nk'uko abahanga benshi bizeraga icyo gihe, kandi iyo abahanga benshi bizeraga icyo gihe, kandi iyo abahanga benshi bizeraga icyo gihe, kandi iyo abahanga benshi bizeraga icyo gihe, kandi iyo abahanga benshi bizeraga icyo gihe, kandi iyo abahanga benshi bizeraga icyo gihe, kandi iyo abahanga benshi bizeraga icyo gihe, kandi iyo abahanga benshi bizeraga icyo gihe, kandi iyo abahanga benshi bizeraga icyo gihe, kandi igihe ikirenga gishyushye gitaka.
Hano hari ibindi bivumbuzi bya Astrona. Abifashijwemo na telesikope, birashoboka kubimenya:
- Ndetse no mu nyenyeri zihagaze, ikintu gishobora gusohoka, kandi, mu bipimo byinshi, kugeza kuri miliyoni magana ku masegonda miliyoni. Igishimishije, kuruta inyenyeri zishyushye, imbaraga zirekura, umuvuduko rimwe na rimwe ugera ku barenga 1000 km / c;
- Mu bigize imiti yo mu kirere cy'inyenyeri zimwe, hirya no hino ya Urani, kuyobora, tungsten. Kuva aho ibyo bintu byagaragaye aho, bitarasiba;
Ibi nandi makuru byafashije kumva neza ubwihindurize bwinyenyeri na galaxy, kandi nanone byabaye isoko yingenzi yamakuru ya astrofiya.
Umushinga wa Astron nawo wafashije gukemura imirimo myinshi ya tekiniki. Kurugero, Inzobere zashoboye gukora sisitemu yamaboko, ishobora kuyobora telesikopi ifite ukuri. Byaragaragaye neza kandi byoroshye cyane, ndetse no guteza imbere tekinoroji myiza yubwoko bwo kurengera, gukora umubiri wa telesikope ushoboye kwihanganira ubushyuhe kandi wirinde gutanyagura.
Imyaka umunani yakazi
Nyuma y'umwaka wa mbere w'akazi muri orbit mu bigega bya Astrona, haracyari gaze ya Astrona ahagije ku butegetsi kugira ngo ikoreshwe, kandi ibikoresho byari bimeze neza, bityo abahanga bameze neza, bityo abahanga bameze neza, bityo abahanga mu by'ukuri bahisemo kwagura imirimo ya Telesikope.
Mu 1989, indorerezi yazimiye lisansi kandi ikora amahirwe yo kuzana ibikoresho byabo ku ntego. Isomo rya nyuma ryitumanaho rya radiyo hamwe nubumenyi bw'inyenyeri zabaye ku ya 23 Werurwe 1991, nyuma yubutumwa bwarangiye kumugaragaro. Mu kirere, telesikope yakoraga imyaka umunani.
Ku butumwa bwiza, itsinda ryabashinzwe ubusoji bwa sovieti na astrophysisisisisitidisiste bahabwa igihembo cya leta cya USSR.
Amakuru yumwanditsi yakoresheje mugihe ategura ibikoresho:- Inyandiko muri Presdicium y'ishuri ry'ubumenyi bw'agatsiko ka GSSR "Astron", astron ", yateguwe na astrophysician Andrey Amajyaruguru;
- Igitabo "Ubushakashatsi bwa Astrophysical kuri sitasiyo ya Astron." Byahinduwe na A.A. Boyarduk:
- Ingingo: "Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe muri Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti mu 1983"
- ingingo "Astron: Venera yahindutse umwanya telesikope"
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