Muri sariya, Chukchi yitwaga Loorravethns, Chukotov. Ibihe byarashize, kandi amazina yabanjirije asigaye gusa mu mateka, ariko abatuye Chukotka ubwabo ni abizerwa ku muco wabo ndetse n'imyizerere gakondo. Ivuka ry'aya Emnos ni iby'imiryango ihuriweho na tomboli rusange, umuryango wumuriro, imihango nimihango n'imihango.
Chukchi igezweho, nka basekuruza babo, yagabanijwemo ubwoko bubiri - abanditsi b'impongo hamwe nabahiga, inyamaswa zinganda. Abahinzi-imbwa bafatwa nkicyiciro kidasanzwe, cyororoka imbwa kubiryo, aho abantu banyura mu kayira kameneka. Izina Chukchi risobanura iki? Amateka yabo yari ameze ate? Kandi umuco wabantu wabivuga iki?
Engtonym
Izina risanzwe "Chukchi" ryagaragaye kera. Ikinyejana kinini gishize, Abarusiya na Yakuts batangiye guhamagara abaturage benshi ba Chukotka. Nk'uko abashakashatsi bavuga ko izina ry'izina ryaguye ijambo "akanya", bisobanura "impongo zikize" muri Chukotka adverb.
Nibyo bita amashyo yimpongo. Ariko, nkuko nabivuze, Chukchi afite amatsinda menshi atandukanye n'ahantu ho gutuza n'ubwoko bw'ibikorwa. Kurugero, aborozi b'imbwa biyitaga Akanyalyn (mu buhinduzi "Anka" bisobanura "inyanja").
Ariko kwifata kwa Chukchi byumvikanye. Birasa nkaho yemerewe, kandi "abantu nyabo" basobanura. Ni ukuvuga, abakurambere ba Chukchi bagaragaje ko ari ba nyirubumenyi nyabo, "abantu" bo mu bihugu byabo.
Ibiranga Ururimi
Umuco wabantu bivuga ubwoko buvanze, aribyo Aziya-Umunyamerika. Imigani myinshi no kwizera yemeza isano ijyanye no guhuza imigenzo ya Chukchi n'Abahinde bo muri Amerika ya Ruguru. By the way, vintage ubwoko bwimbwa yimbwa yinzego zo mu nyanja ni iy'ubwoko bw'Abanyamerika mu gishushanyo cyayo.
Ariko muri gahunda y'ururimi ya Chukchi ifitanye isano n'abaramen, Koryakov na Eskimos. Ururimi rwa Chukchi ni umwe mu muryango wa Narachi Kamchatka, ni uw'itsinda rya Paleoisian. Mbere yuko Abarusiya bagaragaraga kuri Chukokka, Chukchi yibutsa imigani n'imigani, ariko ibintu bike byemejwe.
Impamvu yabyo ni ukubura kwandika. Igishimishije, mu gice cya mbere cyikinyejana gishize, umwungeri wa Chukotka, Khaneville yashoboye gukora inyandiko yumwimerere.
Urukundo rwumwimerere rwururimi rwanditse, ikibabaje, ntirwigeze rubona imbaraga, ariko uyumunsi ikoreshwa muri iki gihe. Benshi bahitamo gukoresha inyuguti za Cyrillic yo kwandika.
Amasomo ya Chukchi
Mbere gato yuko ejo hazaza hhukchi, bashoboye kumenya amajyaruguru y'impongo, nyuma yaho habaye isoko y'ubucuruzi. Ariko urabaza: Nigute abantu b'abashumba b'impongo babayeho mbere? Ibintu byose biroroshye - kuva kera, umwuga gakondo wabantu i Chukotka wari guhiga impongo. Birasobanutse neza ko uburobyi bwa chukchi. Babayeho ku isi yo mu nyanja: Ikidodo, imitsi, imyenda na baleine.
Ibikorwa nkibi bisaba amahugurwa akomeye nimbaraga nyinshi zumubiri. Byongeye kandi, Chukchi yari afite uburyo bwihariye bwo guhiga. Kurugero, kuri kashe, abantu bagabye igitero ku nkombe iyo inyamaswa ziruhukira izuba. Kwigana ingendo z'inyamaswa, Chukchi ubwayo yihaye kashe, nyuma yibasiye inyamaswa yatoranijwe.
Amazu gakondo
No muri iki gihe, ubuzima bwa Chukchi bugumana ibintu byinshi bya vintage. Kuva mu kinyejana cya XIX, imiryango y'abarozi b'impongo iba mu nsinga 2-3. Babaye abaturage batabike bagombaga guhindura ahantu h'inzuri nk'ibinyoma binaniwe.
Inzu gakondo ya Chukchi, irimo kubakwa muri iki gihe cyacu, ni Yaranga. Iri ni ihema rinini ryimiterere idasanzwe ya polygonal. Inzu nk'iyi yakuwe ku mpu z'abihayimana, zishyirwaho n'amabuye, arinda abaturage batuye umuyaga. Imbere mu ihema, hagati, hari umuriro. Aha hantu ni cyera, na Chukchi ubwabo bagereranya urugo rwabo ruva mu isanzure, kubera icyo no kugendera bikurikira urujya n'uruza rw'izuba.
Ibiruhuko n'Iyobokamana Chukchi
Umuco wa Chukchi wagaragaye cyane mugihe cyibiruhuko n'amadini. Ibirori by'ingenzi byafatwaga nk'ibihe by'igihembwe bifitanye isano no kwishyiriraho amazu, uburyohe bw'impongo, umushahara wa vazhenka.
Ibitambo byumuriro byagize uruhare rudasanzwe. Mu rukumbi rukaze, abantu bashimye cyane cyane ubushyuhe, butanga urumuri, bityo umuriro ukunze kugaragara mu migani nk'ubwoko, imbaraga zose.
Ibishushanyo gakondo Chukchi bikoreshwa mugushushanya imyenda, inkweto, umutiba, ukurikije abahanga, bafite inkomoko ya eskimo. Imyizerere yumwimerere yarinzwe kugeza na nubu ni imihango ya animali. Chukchi Kuramya Imbaraga za Kamere, vuga ibintu, wubahe inyamaswa zera (urugero, igikona n'idubu).
Imiryango myinshi yabatuye igezweho Chukotka yazigamye inyobe ya kera - amabuye yihariye yo kumuriro ugurumana, agomba kugira abantu bose. Byakoreshejwe mu mihango bifitanye isano no gusenga umuriro no kuzana abahohotewe n'umuriro wera utanga ubushyuhe, bityo ubuzima. Amoko menshi yakoraga "ihinduka ryuburinganire" mugihe umugabo yagombaga kwambara imyenda yumugore kandi yuzuza imirimo yumugore kumurimo wo murugo - naho ubundi.
Chukchi numuntu wihariye wihariye, wakuyeho imyizerere, umuco n'imigenzo yabasekuruza babo nabaturage baturanye. Abagenzi basuye Akarere ka Chukotka Akarere ka Chukotka cyangwa i Kamchataka, menya ko aha hantu fungura ibara ryihariye, rituma idini rya kera n'ubumenyi bwibanga bwabaturage baho.
Ku gifuniko: Vladila Kavri, Arctique Tundra hafi ya Welkal, Chukotka, Uburusiya, 2012 / © Jimmy Nelson / Jimmynelson.com