Ku ya 24 Gashyantare 1931, ikigo cya Leta cy'ubwoko bushya bwafunguwe muri tula. Kuva ku ya 25 Gashyantare, umujyi warushijeho kwiyegereza ubuzima buzaza - imiryango ibihumbi ifite agahengwe ikeneye gutegura amafunguro y'urugo. Igihe kingana iki bakoresha ku kintu cyingirakamaro.
Hibar Metal Imihanda
Igitekerezo cyimikoreshereze yinzego zangiza imitekerereze mubuntu makumyabiri byumwaka ushize. Igitekerezo kandi mubyukuri ntabwo cyari kibi - abantu buntu kuva mu gikoni. Mubihe, mugihe nta sahani yoroshye, microwave na Aerogerile, byasaga naho bikomeye. Nyuma ya byose, byibanze kandi amashyiga yatwaye ibintu byinshi. Guhera mu bahanga mu bahanga mu kurwanya Kerosene, soot mugihe cyo guteka, kurangiza ko inzira yose yigaruriwe umwanya munini kandi yarimo ari akaga.Uruganda-igikoni rwari rumaze kubakwa mu gihugu cyose, none, mu 1928, rwemejwe ko hagaragara ko hagaragara hagaragara hagaragara muri Tula. Mu ntangiriro, yahishe urugero ruto cyane - mu magorofa abiri na 500 ku munsi.
Yakomeje gukemura ikintu nyamukuru - aho yubaka igitangaza cyigikoni. Bahisemo ko ahahoze mucyumba cyo kuriramo "Ukwakira". Aho iki cyumba cyo kuriramo cyari, biragoye kuvuga neza. Neza neza neza iki hagati. Birashobora gutekereza ko byateguwe mucyumba cyabahoze muri resitora nziza. Ariko uyu mushinga wanze - muto cyane wabaye uruganda mucyumba cyo kuriramo aho igikoni cyaba ugomba kubaka. Kandi iyo yometse mu gikari cy'inyubako nshya, yaremewe hafi, ntabwo yemerera ibicuruzwa mugihe gikwiye hanyuma ukure imyanda.
Twari dukeneye ahantu hitawe ku bikorwa byo gushyira mu gaciro byakazi k'igikoni ubwayo, kuzigama amafaranga yo gutanga ibiryo mu kigo no gukora ibinyuranye byo kurya ku cyumba. Hanyuma, hafashwe umwanzuro ko icyemezo cyiza cyaba cyo gusenya imirongo yubucuruzi bwa kera ahateganye na Kremlin, kandi icyarimwe, Itorero rya Kazan, na gato rikenewe mubyiciro byakazi. Kubwibyo, umushinga wahindutse gato - Inzobere zizeraga ko inyubako y'amagorofa abiri yagira uruhare mukureba aho bimaze gukorwa.
Abaturage, ariko, batanze uburyo bwarwo. Umushinga urambuye cyane watangijwe na injeniyeri wa Puchkin, wasaga nkubura uruganda-igikoni cyubatswe cyane cyane mugutanga abakozi b'intwaro za mbere tula na kera kandi bashya. Kera, nkuko buriwese arumvikana, birashaje. Kandi gishya ni inyubako imashini iriho. Kugeza kuri mirongo irindwi yo mu kinyejana gishize mu mujyi usigaransi yise intwaro nshya. Uruganda rutoroshye - Igikoni, ukurikije injeniyeri funkin, bigomba kugereranywa cyane no gusohoka mu nganda,
Kugira ngo umukozi atakoresheje akazi keza nigihe cyo kunyura mu gihingwa kugeza mucyumba cyo kuriramo. Ibi bigomba kugira ingaruka kumushyira mu gaciro guhitamo icyumba cyo kuriramo.
Hanyuma yasabye ko aho igikoni cy'uruganda n'icyumba cyo kuriramo cyo kuriramo, gishimishije imirimo yose yashizweho, hazaba igihembwe cyose kigizwe n'umuhanda w'abagizi b'umuhanda ndetse no mu rwego rwo mu muhanda wa Sretenskayi na Kazan. Nibyo, yego, itorero rya Kazan naryo ryahagaze, ariko zubatse ryari rimaze gutukura Kuznetsov.
Ati: "Numvise inzitizi zibuza amazu ya kimwe cya kane ahuze mu muhanda w'ibyuma, aho inzego za Leta zashyizwe (Metallille Club, amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), amashuri ya Fambavuki), Amazu. Kandi nyamara mfite ubutwari bwo kwerekana iki gihembwe. "
Ni ubuhe butwari bwagati? Kandi ku kuba, nkuko junekin yasuzumwe, hari amazu abiri ari meza, abasigaye - abasigaye. Kandi na gato, ntabwo ari ngombwa gusenya ibintu byose icyarimwe. Mu gihe cya mbere, inyubako zigomba gukoreshwa n'amatongo y'inyubako mu ntangiriro z'igihembwe mu rusengero rwa Sretensk hanyuma ufashe amatongo y'abahoze ari ubwogero bwa Zaelniki, kugeza kuri Malewipetky ). "Amazu aherereye mu muhanda w'icyuma mu binini bikomeye kandi by'ingenzi bishobora gukoreshwa na CRC mu buryo bwumvikanyeho na Commatichez mboho, kandi bamwe muri bo bongeye kubakwa. Muri ubu buryo, mu gihe cya mbere, agace ka kimwe cya kabiri cy'imigati yose kirashobora gukoreshwa, kandi amatongo arashobora guhinga inyubako nshya zahujwe n'ibisabwa bishya byubuzima. Ibindi gace ka kimwe ka kane kazabera ikigega hagamijwe iterambere ry'ubwubatsi bw'Inteko. " CRC ni koperative yo hagati ikora, ni ukuvuga umuryango wo gutanga umuguzi ukeneye mubyiciro byakazi.
Injeniyeri Pushkin yasuzuguye ko inyubako y'amatafari y'uwahoze ari urusyo, nk'uko abantu basubiwemo abantu babi, kubera ko inyubako nta gaciro ifite, kandi mu mpera z'iki gihembwe, ku rusengero rwa Kazan, hari urubuga rutarondoye. Rero, kwagura inyubako kuruhande rwa funkment ya Kuznetsov itukura hafi ntabwo yigeze guhura nimbogamizi.
Yabaye umuntu wemeye igice kimwe ku ifotomutso we Golityn, wizeraga ko bishoboka gutwara Hibars ku muhanda w'ibyuma, ushiraho uruganda-mu gikoni aho. Nibyo, gutangira gusuzuma icyifuzo cyo kuyubaka mu Karere, ku mfuruka yo mu Kwakira no kwambika. Iki nicyo kigo cyakarere kakazi kandi ni hafi yo gutanga umusaruro nyamukuru - Sitasiyo ya Ryazhsky. Kandi icyumba cyo kuriramo noneho kigwa mukarere ryakozwe nubwato.
Umwe mu Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Selivanov yari yizeye ko icyifuzo cyo gushingira ku kibanza cy'uwahoze ari imirongo ishaje. Hagati yumujyi hari icyumba cyiza cyo kuriramo "Ukwakira", bityo icyumba gishya cyo kuriramo kigomba guteza imbere hagati yumwanya wakazi kugirango umukozi ari hafi yo kujya kurya cyangwa kurya. Yizeraga ko uruganda rw'igikoni rwubakwa muri Zarechye. Ibi, mubindi bintu, bizagabanya igipimo cyibicuruzwa bivuye kuri firigo ya gari ya moshi ya Ryazhsky hamwe no gutwara abakozi ba sasita bashyushye kugirango babone umusaruro.
Noneho, ube injeniyeri fushkin numufotozi Golitsyn ni ibitekerezo, ntabwo twagendaga mumuhanda mwiza wabachabisha. Ariko batsindiye abahisemo gutamba imirongo yubucuruzi, ukurikije ibyo Umuryango wa Gogile n'Itorero rya Kazan bakoze, Umwami Nicholas wa II yasuye.
Ntibigeze bareba no kuba urukurikirane rw'ubucuruzi vuba aha, mu 1926, rwasanwe kuri konti ya leta, kandi ko iyi ari urwibutso rw'ubwumvikane bwatinze XVIII. Muri "komini", noneho bigasweye byitwa "imigereka y'isi."
Igikoni cyuruganda cyateguye abantu b'abanzi
Umushinga wa nyuma wemewe wahinduye byinshi. Mbere ya byose, inyubako ni amagorofa atatu, ntabwo ari abiri. Mubyukuri, igice cyo hagati no ku magorofa ane. Ikiruhuko cy'ifunguro ryakozwe mu gikoni cyiyongereye ku gikoni cyiyongereye n'umushinga kuva ku basaza 500 kugeza ku 1.000 kumunsi, kandi imikorere y'ibikoni ya buri gitondo irasobanurwa aho kuba 10,000 - 12,000.
Iyi nyubako yubatswe n'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, rishingiye ku bunararibonye ryungutse no kubaka inganda z'igikoni i Moscou na Ivanovo-vonnesk.
Igorofa ya mbere ya gahunda yateguye lobby, akabari, cafe, iduka ryikiruhuko cyarangiye hamwe nicyumba cyo kuriramo kubantu 400. Mu cya kabiri - icyumba cyo kuriramo, Buffet, Isomero, Ibiro by'ibicuruzwa na laboratoire. Mu cya gatatu - Club, ibyumba bya murghable, lobby, ahantu hashobora kugaragara hamwe nabantu 600. Na none, muburyo bwa nyuma, ntabwo ibitekerezo byose byabaye impamo.
Kubakozi ba serivisi, kwimuka kwihariye, icyumba cyo kwiyuhagira. Buri mukozi, uza kukazi, yashoboraga kwiyuhagira, hanyuma agahinduka muri wizewe, nyuma ashakisha akazi.
Inyuma y'uruganda, igikoni cyashyizwe, firigo y'ibicuruzwa byangirika, ububiko bw'imbuto, gusezerera no gukaraba n'imboga, ipamba y'imboga, n'ibindi. Inzego zatanzwe
Igikoni cyakoreweho amasahani abiri hamwe nubwatsi 27 bwo guteka. Gushyushya.
Nk'uko gahunda ivuga, mu 1928, abubatsi bagombaga gushyiraho urufatiro mu 1929 kugira ngo basohoze inyubako mu nyubako, bityo mu gihe cy'itumba cyo gukora imitako y'imbere, ndetse no mu mpeshyi cyangwa mu mpeshyi yo mu 1930 kugira ngo itangire imirimo y'uruganda rw'igikoni .
Hanyuma bateganya ko bari kurangiza kubaka isabukuru yimyaka 13 Ukwakira, ni ukuvuga kugwa mu 1930. Ariko na none mugihe nticyahuye. Ku cyiciro cya nyuma, imirimo yakozwe mu miryango cumi n'umwe yo kubaka, ntabwo yatekereje ko ari ngombwa kugira ngo ihuze ibikorwa byabo hagati yabo, kandi ibintu byinshi byabaye ngombwa ko bivambura. Guhora ikintu kibuze - itsinda ry'amashanyarazi, rihindura, guteka boake, igikoresho cyo guteka ibinyobwa bishyushye, n'ibindi. Imwe mu matafari ntiyari igoronganamye - bahawe miliyoni ine n'igice bava mu buryo busekeje ku mirongo y'ubucuruzi n'itorero rya Kazan.
Yubaka intoki. Uburemere hejuru yakuruye ihene - Igikoresho cyihariye, umukandara wari ufatanye ku bitugu n'inyuma y'umutwaro, aho amatafari abiri cyangwa atatu cyangwa atatu. Bubakaga cyane cyane kuba umushomeri, brigade ifite intwaro kandi ziva i Moscou. Ntamuntu watwitse ashishikaye. Muri rusange Abascovite barababaje - CRC yaho ntiyifuzaga kubashyira kuri konti, bityo rero uburenganzira bwo kwakira inganda ntibukurikizwa kuba barambuzi. Mubisanzwe, buri munsi batekerezaga byinshi kuri demobelution kuruta kubaka isi.
Abantu baho nabo ntibahunganutse cyane bashishikaye. Ibinyamakuru bitondaga ku nyigisho nini no kuba abakozi 300 gusa 68 bashyizwe ku rutonde, kandi babiri gusa ni bo biziritse hano kugeza mu mpera y'ubwubatsi. Ibisigaye, biragaragara, bishobora kugoreka kumahirwe yambere. Ibi ariko, ntabwo byari buri gihe ko byoroshye niba kubaka ikibanza cyubaka. Ariko akenshi uruhushya rwihariye rwo kwirukana yatanze ihuriro ryubaka. Irashobora kugaragara, hari abumva abantu bakoreye neza, hano kubarizwa.
Nibyo, benshi mumujyi baracecetse: ntacyo uzagira muri uru ruganda. Kubaka muri rusange byari bikikijwe n'udukoko, kimwe nacyo giteganijwe muri ibyo bihe.
Kurugero, inyubako ya kratygin yateguye inyubako yakoze kugirango icyumba gito gitangwa kugirango umusaruro ubwacyo, kandi ibi ntibyatanze amahirwe yo kongeramo uruganda. Mwemekeye imbere imbere yabo yabonye ko inshinge zikamuhagarika mugihe. Nkuko bigaragazwa no kwagura umubiri munsi yumusaruro.
Nta muntu, by the way, ntabwo watunguwe, kuki nta makuru yerekeye umwubatsi wa Ktudin mu bitabo byaho byaho no kuri interineti? Ariko umuntu yateguye inyubako ya mbere yisi yose yubwoko bushya kandi umwanya mushya muri Tula. Kandi birashoboka ko nta. Niki ugomba kwibuka kuri we, kubyerekeye umwanzi? Umwubatsi Kratygin, ntitumaze kurangiza kubaka, kandi tumaze, tubikesha abakozi babaza amaganya, barasa kugirango bahirike.
Kandi uru ni urundi rukiko rwinshi rwa Sovieti ntirwiri tuzi amakosa nyamukuru - kuba hari aho bihurira n'ubutaka bw'igice cyo hasi cya Tula bitafashwenyirijwe, niyo mpamvu aho bahoraga basaba gusanwa.
Imyigaragambyo
Muburyo bwo kwipimisha, igikoni cyarakoze kuva mu ntangiriro za Gashyantare, gutanga amafunguro mashya yateguwe ku ntwaro. Ariko kuvumburwa kumugaragaro byabereye saa kumi za mugitondo ku ya 24 Gashyantare. Hariho abashyitsi ibihumbi n'ibihumbi bamutumira, ibyinshi muri byo byivuza imishinga ya tula.
Nyuma yigice cyemewe cyuruganda-igikoni cyavuwe ningero yibicuruzwa byabo - ibiryo byintangarugero.
Birumvikana ko abasizi baho bavugaga ijambo ryabo:
"Tuzura ubuzima bushya,
Na primeuse -
Abanzi bacu -
Bitubuza kubaka ubusesiyalisiti
N'intambwe zibujijwe.
I chadomu arira na avgar,
Ubuzima bwa kera ntabwo burangiza.
Uruganda-igikoni ni ugukubita
Gukubitwa bikomeye kuri buri munsi. "
Inyubako nshya yahise iba ishema nyaryo. Buri munsi uruganda rwitabiriye ibiruko bitatu cyangwa bine. Kandi bishimiye igikoresho cyimbere igihe kinini. Muri Werurwe 1933, yagize ati: "Kommunyar" yagize ati: "Ku ya 18 Werurwe, yagize ati:" Ku ya 18 Werurwe, inama yo ku ya 18 Werurwe. Urutumburuzi ruzasura imigati, uruganda rw'igikoni, kumesa, inzu ndangamurage ya Szarmburchet. Kuzenguruka urujijo byateguwe umunsi wose. Nyuma yo gutembera, abitabiriye amahugurwa bazahabwa ifunguro rya sasita. Andika ku rugendo muri Gorzhilyuzu (Ishami rishinzwe) muri T. Tisova no mu Njyanama y'Umujyi wa Oce (Ingoro yakazi, Com №13), nimero ya terefone 12. Ingoro yumurimo, by the was, ni inyubako aho byashobokaga kwishimira uruganda rushya mu gikoni kuva mu idirishya - abaturanyi hamwe na Polonye y'ubu.
Nukuri, ishyaka kubijyanye nubuziranenge butagira ubushake bwimbere byahise bihindura ahantu runaka. Abashyitsi batangiye kwinubira kuri antisaniti, umwanda, utarya. Ariko iyi ni iyindi nkuru yose idafite icyo ihuriye nigitekerezo cyiza cyo kubohora abantu kuva mubucakara bwigikoni.