Intambara kuri Varna - Kwishura amaraso ku nkingi

Isi itegerejwe kuva kera, umwami wa Hongiriya na Polonye Vladislav III n'indwara ya Seorbiya Georgy BranAvich yategetse muri Balkans, arahira ubutumwa bwiza bw'isi hamwe na Korowani. Guhana ibitekerezo byanditse byabereye binyuze muri Ambasaderi. Umukinnyi w'imyaka icumi ku mirwano hagati ya Osmian n'ababurayi abitabiriye amakimbirane batangajwe.

Ariko, papa w'Abaroma, umaze gutangira imishyikirano, yarwanyaga isi. Politiki ishaje ya Roma Gatolika igira ingaruka ku gikoresho cy'isi n'amaboko y'abanyamwega kandi hano, basanga ameze muri Cardinal Juliano Casarini, wahoze ku kigero. Ariko, ntabwo iki gihe, - Vladislav III, nubwo yari afite ubuto, yari afite impamvu zihagije zo guhagarara ku ntsinzi yagezweho. Kubwamahirwe, Balkans, ibitekerezo ntibyari bihagije igihe kirekire ...

Perjury

Murad II igihombo muri Aziya nto kugirango arangize kunesha. Habayeho umurongo wa Karakani utabagerwaho kandi bidatinze yaguye mu ngabo za Ottoman berekeje na Sultan. Nyuma yibyo, Sultan yemeje ko ubutumwa bwe bwuzuye mu butegetsi bwo ku isi, kandi yashoboraga kwishora mu buryo bwuzuye mu myitozo yo mu mwuka, yiyita ku kwifata, gusenga no kwiga Korowani. Mu 1444, yihatira ku ntebe yegurika ku Mwana we, methmed, icyo gihe yari afite imyaka 12 kandi akurwaho i Mamisa.

Amaze kubyumva, Cardinal Juliano Cesarini yongeye gutangira kwanga umwami wa Vladislav III kugira ngo akomeze Crusade n '"amanota" ku muhiro, asezeranya uruhushya rwa pisine hamwe n'izina rya Papa Roman. Ukuntu Abakaridinamari Barsamen baririmbye mu mutsima uzwi cyane wa USSR "Musketeers":

"Kuri uwe umudinasi ari ukuri, Paradizo iteganijwe mbere."

Umwami ukiri muto Vladislav III yita ku bantu, ariko seribiya despot georgy brankovich, ntabwo yatuye Gatolika, no kuba mu kwizera kwa orotodogisi, ntazashira. Cardinali azahabwa na Papa "uruhushya rurahira" ku Mwami, ndetse n'igisirikare gito cyo muri Papal na Teutonic Knight, babonaga ko urubanza ruzaharanira inyungu.

Kuruhande rwa Cardinali yari Voos jos jos jos, wifuzaga intsinzi nshya kandi yisanga umudendezo wuburayi bwose bwiburasirazuba kuva Ottoman IGA. Kandi mu 1444, kurenga ku masezerano y'amahoro, abanyamanswa basubukuye akajagari. Byasaga naho amahirwe masa yo kubaherekeje. Kuri Trene Ottowans, ndetse no mu ngiro y'umuhungu - memmed II, ingabo zikomeye z'ingabo za Ottoman zibanze muri Anatoniya, Papal hamwe n'amato ya Venetiya yagombaga kuba ingwate y'inyanja, kandi atari yo kwimurira Sultan Ingabo ku mazi, kandi bafite ubukangurambaga burebure. Intego ya Crusader yari gahunda yihuta kandi itsinze kuri icyo gihe umurwa mukuru wa Sultanate - Edirne. Ariko, ibintu byose ntibyagenze neza.

Jassos hunyadi

Murad II

"Nezhdanchik" yagurutse ku murima w'umwami hamwe namakuru avuga ko Murad II yarakariye urwenya maze afata icyemezo cyo "kubaza kubyerekeye aya masezerano. Yongeye gufata ubutegetsi mu munwa mu ntoki kandi agiye kuyobora ubukangurambaga bwo kurwanya abanyamanyeza, muri iki gihe ku giti cye. Yaba Vladislav III, cyangwa Cardinal Juliano Cezarini ntabwo yiteze ko ibintu byabaye.

Iya kabiri idashimishije yatunguwe nimura ingabo za Ottoman zerekeza Rumelia mu nyanja, ku mato, ububiko bwahawe Muradi II abisabye, - abanywanyi bamaze igihe kinini muri Venise. Ikigaragara ni uko icyifuzo cyo "kuvoma" cyakuwe muri byo amahame mbwirizamuco. Abakristo ba Papal na Venetiya ntibashoboraga gukora ikintu na kimwe, kuko Na dardanella na Bosphorus bagenzuraga ibirungo bya Ottoman Coastl.

Paolo Veronese "Sultan Murad II"

Ingabo za Crusaders zimukiye buhoro, ibihome bahuye munzira yanze kumenyekana no gukubita bihagije. Umwami yagombaga gufata umuyaga wabo, cyangwa kurenga. Kandi nubwo abasirikari ba gisirikare ba Bulugariya na Valah bifatanije nabarindaga munzira igana ku bajanjaga, umubare w'abanatsi barenga 7, abanyamabere bari bababajwe cyane kuruta guteganijwe. Ntibageze i Ediarna, ingabo ebyiri ziteranira munsi ya boa.

Kandi ukurikije umubare wa Osmans, warenze uwo bahanganye. Umubare w'abakomoka ku bihumbi bagera kuri 16 kugeza kuri 24 kandi bose bari "Pro", abanyacyubahiro bo mu matsinda yabo, ndetse n'abacanshuro n '"abasirikare b'amahirwe" baturutse mu Burayi, bagiye muri iyi njamba. Ingabo za Murad zirasuzumwa, hamwe namagambo yabatsinzwe, nini, abantu barenga ibihumbi 100. Nubwo iki gihuje gato nukuri, uzirikana ko bageze ku nyanja kandi ntabwo bari bafite umwanya munini wo kwiyamamaza. Nk'uko umuhanga mu by'amateka D. Engel hari ibihumbi 40 cyangwa atari byinshi.

Jan Mateyko "Umwami Vladislav ku rugamba i Varna"

"KAVALERICArdS, ikinyejana ntabwo ari byinshi" cyangwa igitera ubutwari busazi

Raporo y'abashinzwe iperereza ryegereye Ottoms, nk'uko raporo y'abashinzwe iperereza bateye inkunga, batashoboraga gutera imigereka. Iya mbere mu buryo bugoye bwashimiwe na Cardinal Cerikarini. Intambara yagombaga kubaho ku nkombe z'ikiyaga cya Stland, uhereye mu majyaruguru yacyo. Aka gace kari kambuka hidly ugereranije hagati y'ibibaya bitandukanye, byagabanijwe mu majyaruguru.

Yasabye gahunda yumvikana cyane, - Gushiraho igare mu kibanza cyafunzwe no kurwana kubera ubuhungiro, ntegereza ko amato ya gikristo akahagera cyangwa kureremba, cyangwa kureremba umwanzi. Ibyo bita igare cyangwa nkuko byiswe Sagittariari hamwe na cosshack nyuma, - umujyi-umujyi. Amavuta yometse mu Burayi, mu mpera z'imyaka yo hagati, inzira yo gukora intambara hamwe n'umuhanga wabo kandi uteye. Umwami ubwe hamwe n'ibyibuto benshi b'inararibonye b'ingabo mu ntangiriro barabyemera, ariko hano ijambo ryafashe James Hunyadi.

Ninde cyangwa wajugunye inyuma yururimi rwuyu muyobozi ufite impano ntabwo asobanutse. Nubwo we ubwe yamenyekanye cyane mu mikorere idasanzwe y'intambara, n'ingabo z'abanzi asumba abandi, imvugo ye yari umuparuwe na rubale. Hunyadi yashimangiye ko ibyo bikorwa bidakwiriye ingabo zigera ku ntsinzi. Urashobora rero gukora gusa niba ingabo zatsinzwe kandi ni ubuhungiro bwa nyuma.

Nyuma, asobanura ibaruwa imbere ya papa, yemera ko ari ikosa ryica, byerekana ko ubutwari runaka bwo kwitondera bwatumye imitima yacu yafashe imitima. " Birasigaye gukora "gukosorwa" - ntabwo "imitima yacu", ahubwo ni "umutima we", kandi yamaze kwandura abantu bose bafite ishyaka rye ritariho.

Intambara Yanyuma Yumwami Vladislav

Kubera iyo mpamvu, ingabo zatangije gahunda yabo yo kurwana zihanganye, Wagon n'abakristu bakera bari mu nkombe y'inyuma. Uwitabira urugamba rwa Andreas Pallasio, wasobanuye ibyabaye byose, yabwiye ko ari byo kugira ngo agaragaze abarwanyi kurwana, ntibihishe. Umuyobozi w'ingabo zombi yishora mu myanya hagati y'ingabo zabo.

Murad, - akikijwe na Janichar we, inyuma yimyobo nisi, ubwinjiriro kandi bugera kuri bet kurindwa cyane. Byongeye kandi, ingamiya ziherereye aho, zigera ku mutwe zigera kuri 500, ziremerewe n'indanga zihenze, indangagaciro na zahabu, bihagaze mu gihe umwanzi yamennye. Muri uru rubanza, byari ngombwa gukingura imifuka no gusasa neza kurangaza umwanzi kubujura.

Nubwo afuzwa neza, Amateka ya Halkokondil, Kallima na Dulgosh, (Byzantike, Igitaliyani na Pole) vuga ku ngamiya. Kuruhande rwa Sultan Sultan ruzasezererwa, aho kuba ibendera hazabaho amasezerano arenga. Mbere y'intambara, azajyanwa imbere y'ingabo mu buhamya bw'ubuhemu bwa "atari bwo."

Duhereye mu gitabo cya Marcina "Ishusho ya Murad Bet kurugamba rwa Verna", Inyandiko ya 1597

Vladislav III, akikijwe n'ingabo za Knight mu Mwami Mukundwa, munsi y'ibendera rya Crusade (Umusaraba utukura ku murima wera) n'intambwe z'umwami nazo zizahagarara hagati y'ingabo ze. Kandi intambara ishyushye izatangira.

Intambara yagiye iminsi ibiri, ikiruhuko cyo kuruhuka nijoro. Ku mugoroba wo ku munsi wa mbere w'intambara, Umwami Vladislav azakora igikorwa kidashidikanywaho mu buzima bugeraho, amaherezo kizaza kimusenya no kwizera ko gutsindwa kw'abanyeganyega. Ntukizere rero nyuma yibyo mu kurahira!

Umunsi wose, uruhande rwarwanye no gutsinda butandukanye, abarika benshi barakomeretse, barimo hunjadi. Ariko, inkoni idacogora yayoboye intambara yose, yimukira mu nkombe kugera kuri flank no gucunga ibigega. Abarinda bagenewe ubuhungiro bwamagare, hanyuma barwanya, burigihe bafashe umwanya.

Stanislav Khlebovsky "Intambara hamwe na Varna" "Gutukana Kuva mu bwoba, Murad!"

Sultan Murad yari umurwanyi w'inararibonye kandi uzi ubwenge, yazanye ingabo z'ibanze za Yanychar na Imperial Azoov wagize uburambe bw'intambara n'Abanyaburayi iyo abakomoka ku bajanjaga bari bananiwe cyane. Abanyaburayi kubisobanuro bya pallatio byasobanuraga ko Ottomani itagize ingaruka ku rugamba. Ariko, niyo kavukire ntiyaganiriye ku kuvunika ku rugamba, impande zombi zitwara igihombo ntizishobora kurwanya mugenzi wabo.

Muri ako kanya, "kurasa" n'ishema ry'umwami Vladislav III, umuhanga mu by'amateka ya Byzantine yemera ko ati: "Kapaantine Umuhanga mu by'amateka, ati:" Kapaantine Umuhanga mu by'amateka, "Kapayadine Yemera Sultan. Ibyo ari byo byose, ariko, ariko umwami ukiri muto (ufite imyaka 19 gusa), yihutira kujya mu ndunduro ya Sultan, naho igice cy'ibihumbi igihumbi. Nk'umwanditsi wa Ottoman waranditse, Neshry Umwami yavugije induru ati:

"Ndashaka kuvugana nawe ku giti cyawe, murad! Urubanza rw'ubwoba! ".

Ariko, feat ya Milos Obruch, wishe Shebuja wa Sultan Murad ku murima wa Kosovo, Vladislav ntabwo yagenewe gusubiramo. "Serivise y'umutekano" ya Sultan iki gihe yakoze itagira inenge. Yanycars yaratandukanye, ibura ugenderaho kandi afunzwe cyane, yica ifarashi ye. Vladislav Kubarem yaguye ku isi.

Stanislav Khlebovsky "Murad hamwe na retinue kumubiri wa Vladislav"

Yashoboye gutaka ati: "Sultan Murad! MR ... ". Karaji Hyzir yirengagije gutaka kwe, arunama vuba, ahita agera ku mutwe we ku basakoni maze amaze kumushyikiriza Sultan. Abaherekeza bose bazabaga bakurikira umwami wabo. Ariko, hafi ntamuntu numwe wabonye uru rupfu nijoro abanyamabere bazamara mu nkambi bizeye ko umwami ari muzima.

Mu gitondo, umwami afungiye ku icumu, bwerekanwa imbere y'imyanya yabo y'abakristu bafite abarwanyi ba Ottoman, akwirakwiza kwibeshya kw'ingabo z'abanyejega. Nyuma yo kugerageza kunanirwa guhagura umurambo w'umwami Hunyadi, ingabo zizanyura mu misozi kandi zizashobora kugera i Hongiriya mu minsi ibiri. Ariko, bitwara kure cyane kuri bose, abagenzi benshi bazagwa munsi ya varna munsi yabagagans yumwanzi, mu gishanga, imisozi n'imisozi imwe.

Murad II akica Vladislav III

Ingaruka z'intambara

Umutware w'umwami-indahiro, Sultan azashyirwa mu kibaya cy'ikirahure, kizaba muri Birsa. Hanyuma, n'amagambo ya Serib, wari i Ottoman, Murad azamuha nk'impano i Caulifa i Cairo.

Bigomba kuvugwa ko ibyago bya Cardinali Juliano CESARIIN, wemeza Vladislava guca indahiro, na we yari agahinda. Yagerageje, akuramo zahabu, umunsi wa mbere w'intambara "kugira ngo acecekere" binyuze mu gishanga, aherekejwe n'abarwanyi indahemuka kuri we, ariko nk'uko bizwi cyane ku bisobanuro by'Ibyamamare R. Jenkins, - "Yabonetse mu bishanga byambaye ubusa kandi bikomeretsa byica"

Ikibabaje rero kirangira iyi Crusade, - Imbere ya Papa na Venise yabyaye akaduruvayo muri Polonye, ​​wabuze umwami, kandi yamagane kurimbuka kwa Byzantium. Bidatinze, Seribiya, Valiya, Buligariya na Alubaniya bongera guhinduka. Balkans bose bazaba bafite imbaraga za Ottomans mu binyejana byinshi.

Ubuvanganzo n'amasoko

1. N. Zhigalova "Intambara kuri Verna 1444 hamwe ningaruka zayo zamateka" (ukurikije ibikoresho byamasoko yo muri Polonye na Seribiya).
2. Mehmed Neshry "wasabwe ku mucyo: amateka kuri Ottoman Dvor."