2020 Uzibuka Isi Ntabwo Umeze nkumwaka wavunitse Ubushyuhe Bwose Bwatekerezwa kandi butavuguruzanya, ariko kandi nkigihe cyo kubaho kwubwami bwa gatatu cyitwa "eniona", bibaho muburyo bubiri kuri icyarimwe. Muri rusange, kuvuga imiterere ya fiziki, twakagombye kumenya ko vuba aha habaye ibyiciro cyangwa ubwami gusa - boso gusa na fedeli. Ibipimo byo kugabanya ibice byibanze mu nkambi ebyiri ni agaciro k'umugongo, nimero ya foneum, biranga umwanya wacyo wa pulse. Muyandi magambo, niba spin yafashwe bitandukanye ku bice bigenwa numubare - imbere yawe Boson, kandi niba igice-Umurinzi ari fermion. Uyu mwaka, abashakashatsi bavumbuye ibimenyetso bya mbere byo kubaho kw'ubwami bwa gatatu bw'ibice bya gatatu - ellions, imyitwarire yabo ntabwo imeze nk'imyitwarire ya boso cyangwa fermions. Tuvuga ibyo enioni ari n'impamvu kwamburwa bifite akamaro kanini kuri fiziki zigezweho.
"Eniona" ni iki?
Buri gice cya nyuma mu isanzure kiva mu mirasire ya cosmic kuri carks - haba fermion cyangwa Boson. Ibi byiciro bigabanya ibice byubaka isanzure mubwami bundi bushya. Mu myaka 2020 ishize, abashakashatsi bavumbuye ibimenyetso bya mbere byo kubaho kw'ubwami bwa gatatu bw'ibice - enios. Igishimishije, eonsi ntabwo yitwara nka fermions, cyangwa nka bosons; Ahubwo, imyitwarire yabo iri ahantu hagati.
Mu kiganiro, cyasohotse mu mpeshyi ya 2020, mu kinyamakuru cy'ubumenyi, abahanga mu bya fiziki yavumbuye ibimenyetso byambere byubushakashatsi byerekana ko uduce tudahuye na kimwe muri ubwoya bwanduye buzwi bwubwami. Umuganga w'ikoranabuhanga mu Muganga yavuye mu kiganiro cy'ikoranabuhanga cyo muri Massicktts yagize ati: "Twatsindiye amashumi na fermions, none dufite iki kinyamakuru cya gatatu cy'amafaranga y'ibanze."
Kubera ko amategeko ya kashineshi, asobanura imyitwarire yibice byibanze, bitandukanye cyane n'amategeko azwi ya fiziki, barabyumva. Gukora ibi, abashakashatsi batanga gutekereza ... ibishusho. Byose kuko iyo urwenya rubonwa, umwe muribo "arapfunyitse" hafi yindi, ahindura leta ya Qumpamu.
Ndetse ingingo zishimishije zerekeye amategeko yubukanishi bwamafaranga hamwe nubuvumbuzi bugezweho mu bijyanye na fiziki, soma umuyoboro wacu muri Yandex.dzen. Hariho ingingo zisohoka zitari kurubuga.
Tekereza rero ibice bibiri bitagereranywa bisa na electron. Fata umwe, hanyuma uyizingire kuwundi kugirango asubize aho natangiriye inzira yanjye. Urebye neza birashobora gusa nkaho ntakintu cyahindutse. Kandi mubyukuri, kururimi rwimibare rwubukanishi bwamafaranga, imikorere ibiri yumubatsi isobanura ibihugu byambere kandi byanyuma bigomba kuba bingana cyangwa bifite gutandukana mugice kimwe. (Mu myandamishi, ubarira birashoboka ko ureba, urya imikorere yimigozi muri kare, kugirango iyi coefficigereje - 1 yogejwe).
Niba imikorere yimibanire yintwari imwe imwe, noneho imbere yawe Bosons. Niba kandi banze na coefficient 1, noneho ureba fermions. Kandi nubwo umwanzuro wabonetse mugihe cyubushakashatsi bushya busa nkaho yimyitozo ngororamubiri gusa, ifite ingaruka zikomeye kuri fiziki zigezweho.
Ubwami butatu bwibice byibanze
Abashakashatsi kandi babona ko fermions ari abagize adari barwanya isi ibitandukanye, kubera ko batigera bigarurira leta imwe. Kubera iyo mpamvu, electron zitsinda rya fermion rigwa mubice bitandukanye bya atomic hafi ya atome ubwayo. Muri iki kintu cyoroshye hariho umwanya munini muri atom - uburyo butangaje bwigihe hamwe na chimie yose.
Soma kandi: Abahanga begereye imyumvire impamvu hariho isanzure
Ku rundi ruhande, amashyamba, ni uduce twinshi dufite ubushobozi bushimishije bwo guhuza no gutandukanya leta imwe. Rero, amafoto yicyiciro cya Boons arashobora kunyuramo, yemerera imirasire yumucyo kugenda mu bwisanzure, kandi ntatandukane.
Ariko bigenda bite iyo ufite agace kangana hafi yundi? Bizasubira muri leta yumwimerere? Kugira ngo wumve ibi cyangwa utabivuze, birakenewe cyane mugihe gito cya Topologiya - Isuzuma ryimibare. Bikekwa ko impapuro ebyiri zingana niba umuntu ashobora guhindurwa mubindi nta bikorwa byinyongera (gluing cyangwa gutandukana). Donut na Kawa mug, nkuko imvugo ishaje ivuga, ni ibisanzwe bihwanye, kuko umuntu ashobora kuba byiza kandi akomeza gushingwa undi.
Reba loop twakoze mugihe ibice bimwe bizunguruka kurundi. Mu bipimo bitatu, iyi loop irashobora kugabanywa kugeza aho. Toologique, birasa niba ibice bitagendaga na gato. Ariko, mubipimo bibiri byumuzingo ntibishobora kugabanuka, byatsimbaraye ku kindi gice. Ibi bivuze ko itazakora loop muribintu. Kubera iyi mbogamizi - yamenyekanye gusa mubipimo bibiri - loop yinkunga imwe hafi yundi ntabwo ihwanye no gutura ahabigenewe ahantu hamwe. Yego, umutwe urazenguruka. Niyo mpamvu abahanga mu bya fiziki bakeneye icyiciro cya gatatu cyibice - Eniona. Imikorere yabo yimihindagurikire y'ibihe ntizigarukira ku byemezo bibiri bisobanura fermions na bosons kandi ibi bice nta wundi.
Mu ntangiriro ya za 1980, fiziki bwa mbere yakoresheje ibi bisabwa kugirango yireme "ingaruka za Quaniction ya Quansit. Mu 1984, mu rupapuro rw'ibanze, Rorachek, Daniel Alovaya na John Robert Sriffera yerekanye ko aya majyariro ashobora kuba akwiye. Ariko abahanga ntibigeze bareba imyitwarire mibi ya quasiyaruganda, bityo ntizishobora kwerekana ko anoni adakemutse cyangwa bosons.
Birashimishije: Kuki Quamis Physics arin to Magic?
Niyo mpamvu ubushakashatsi bushya ari impinduramatwara - amaherezo amaherezo yahawe kwerekana ko Enios yitwara nk'umusaraba hagati yimyitwarire ya Bosos na fermions. Igishimishije, muri 2016, fiziki eshatu zasobanuye gahunda yo kugerageza, bisa no kugoreka gato intron intron mu bipimo bibiri. Gashyantare na bagenzi be bubatse ikintu gisa no gupima ihindagurika rya kumigezi muri Collider.
Bashoboye kwerekana ko imyitwarire yohereza ihuye neza nubuhanuzi budasanzwe. Muri rusange, abanditsi b'umurimo wa siyansi wizeye ko ibyopimwe byo kwitiranya bizashobora kugira uruhare runini mu gukora mudasobwa ya Quaftum. Wige byinshi kubyerekeranye na mudasobwa ya Quanim nuburyo ikora, soma mubikoresho bya mugenzi wanjye Ramis Ganiev.