Iyo hari icyambu kinini, hari ubucuruzi namafaranga menshi. Iyo hari ubucuruzi, arushaho kubanyamahanga, hari ingabo ebyiri: leta yifuza gukora imisoro, kandi abacuruzi bashaka imisoro ya Bypass. Urugero runini ni Odessa, no gushiraho magendu.
Icyiciro cya mbere: Ingoma y'Uburusiya
Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18, igihome cya Turkiya-Tatar-Tatar cyahindutse icyambu cya Odessa cy'Uburusiya. Yagombaga kuba ihuriro ry'ubucuruzi mu bwami. Catherine yasobanukiwe ko ubucuruzi busaba kugenzura, bityo ibice bidasanzwe bya Cosshack byakorewe ubugenzuzi nubugenzuzi bwo kuhagera. Babaye abakoresha ba mbere, nubwo baremewe aho kwiririza ibirego bagomba kwitabira ibicuruzwa. Mu kinyejana cya 19, Alegizandere yasobanukiwe ko kugira ngo umujyi utere imbere, ishoramari n'imiterere birakenewe mu kuzana ibicuruzwa. Muri Mata 1817, hashyizweho itegeko ryashyizweho umukono, ritanga Odesa "Porto Franco" - imiterere y'icyambu cy'ubuntu. Ibi bivuze ko ibicuruzwa byose bigeze mumujyi bitasonze. Niba ibicuruzwa byagenze kure, noneho hanze ya gasutamo yasoreshwa.
Odessa ava mu "misoro ku buntu" ku gipimo kinini. Ibi byateje iterambere ryukuri ryumujyi. Odessa yabaye umujyi wa gatatu w'ingoma y'Uburusiya mu bijyanye n'abaturage, nyuma ya Moscou na St. Petersburg. Ariko, iterambere nk'iryo rifite uruhande rw'imyitwarire rw'umudari, kandi rwitwa "magendu". Mu 1820, abacuruzi bo mu mahanga batandukanye mu butegetsi bwa kamere, bityo - bityo - urashobora kuzenguruka Abakozi. Abo ni Abagereki, Abanyaturukiya, Abanyalugariya, Abadage, Abayahudi, Ukraine, Abarusiya. Nkumusizi wu Burusiya y "ikinyejana cya silver" Edward Bagritsky yaranditse ati:
Ubwenegihugu ntacyo nitwaye, byari ngombwa ko wagize amahirwe "kurundi ruhande rw'amabwiriza ya gasutamo." Ubwa mbere, wakuweho hejuru yinzuzi (Dnipro na Bug Amajyepfo) hakurya yinyanja), ariko hanyuma kugenzura umunwa winzuzi byarashimangiwe. Hanyuma abacuruzi bato batangiye kwimura ibicuruzwa binyuze mu myanda nijoro. Himbaza de Ribas mu gitabo cye "Kedesa" asobanura uburyo abacuruzi bafite ibicuruzwa ku matungo ya "gasutamo". Ariko byari biteje akaga, kandi ibicuruzwa byoroshye ntabwo birushijeho kwitwara abantu. Catacombs yaje gufasha magendu ... abacuruzi baguze ibibanza byubutaka mu nkengero, yubatswe murugo, no mu nsimbiye ibikoresho byose, aho kwimuka byakorewe mu catacu. Divayi yo muri Turukiya Yagurishijwe, vino, imitako, imyenda, imyenda, intwaro, icyayi, ikawa, gushushanya nibindi byinshi. Ibicuruzwa byazanywe mu byerekezo bitatu.
Imanza zidasanzwe za magenduNzatanga urugero na "Malvazi". Mu mujyi yatwaye Kopecks 5, no kuri gasutamo - 25 n'isumbuye. Noneho, niba uzengurutse inshingano, kumacupa eshanu byashobokaga kubona amafaranga 1 ya ruble, adasanzwe. Ariko ibyo sibyo byose. Divayi yari ikomeye cyane, bivuze ko ishobora kuvana n'amazi mbere yo kugurisha. Inyungu yiyongereye, kandi umukiriya yaranyuzwe. Umukungugu wa Mikhail mu murimo wa "Eccenthnics nziza kandi umwimerere" usobanura izindi manza zidasanzwe za magendu. Kurugero, abadamu bamwe bagerageje gutwara ibicuruzwa. Bamwe bahishe imitako y'imyenda myinshi, abandi - bapfunyitse mumyenda ihenze. Ariko umutware uhenze wa gasutamo yangiritse, yagenzuye abantu bose, kandi, abadamu ubwabo bemeye kugenzura. Kurugero, ibintu byaragabanutse cyangwa byatsimbaraye kuri magendu imyenda yimisumari. Ariko ntabwo abantu bose bari nka Zosim Ivanovich, abashinzwe imigenzo menshi bafashe ruswa, ndetse na gato yitabira ubucuruzi. Mu 1859, Umwami mushya Alexander wa II yatangiye kurwanya magendu, kandi ikintu cya mbere yakuyeho yambuwe Odessa cy '"Ubuntu icyambu "imiterere. Ibi byasobanuraga ingorane nini kuri magendu, ariko ntabwo iherezo rye.
Icyiciro cya kabiri: Impinduramatwara n'intambara y'abenegihugu
Inkunga ya politiki nigihe cyiza kubagizi ba nabi nabacuruza magendu. Ariko icyarimwe, abajura ubwabo nindaya zishobora kuba inzitizi yo gucuruza. Ni muri urwo rwego, duet yari ingenzi naho icya kabiri. Byabaye muri Odessa mu 1919 - mu ntangiriro za 1920. Igitero kizwi cyane na Moldavans Misha Jash (Wine-Vinnitsa) hamwe numucuruzi waho Natil Natile yateguye. Mishka yateguye ubufatanye n'umutekano, hiyongereyeho ubufatanye n'inzego za leta zidahungabana, kandi Frankel yakoraga ibicuruzwa no kugurisha ibicuruzwa. Mu 1919, Nathan yashinze ikizere cy'itaka cya magendu. Nyuma yo gushinga imbaraga z'Abasoviyeti, byari ngombwa kwigana ibikorwa byemewe n'amategeko, kandi Frankel yakoze sosiyete yohereza. Munsi ya Guases traffizi, yatumije ibicuruzwa kuri Odessa. Kuva mu 1922, umutwe wa Ogpu Dgpu Djezhinsky ubwe yajyanye urugamba rwo kurwanya magendu mu maboko yabo. Jap yarashe inzego za GPU mu 1919, kandi Frankel yatawe muri yombi mu 1923. Nyuma yaje kuba umwe mu bashinze gahunda ya Gulag. Ariko iyi ninkuru itandukanye rwose ...
Icyiciro cya gatatu: USSR
Mu 1960-1980, mubihe byibutsa kwishyuza ibicuruzwa, icyifuzo cyibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga byiyongera, cyangwa mugihe bavuganaga n '"ashikamye". Imyenda, parufe, itabi, inzoga, amasahani - byose byagurishijwe. Niba ibicuruzwa byahawe inshingano, ikibazo kimwe gishobora kuvuka: ntabwo yigeze yinjira mu isoko rusange ry'Abasoviyeti, ryaraboneka gusa ku madukuvu "bikagira". Niyo mpamvu "abasafuzi" (abagurisha ibicuruzwa bya magendu) muri Odessa byari bizwi cyane. Mu gitabo cya fileberg-blasse "odesca gangitskaya", mu gitabo Cyiza cy'ubwato yashyizeho ibyo mu Butaliyani butemewe. Byongeye kandi, basanze abakiriya benshi muri gasutamo na leta. Abinjiza amafaranga bagera kuri 300%, ariko bidatinze abaturanyi babonye ko bafite uburambe bwinshi, kimwe n'imodoka ihenze. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abashoramari, kandi bidatinze abakozi ba serivisi rusange bagize uruhare muri magendu muri yombi.
Uyu munsi Odessa akomeje kuba kimwe mubigo byubucuruzi bwirabura. Ibi bireba byombi bidasoreshwa ("igicucu"), nk'inzoga, itabi, imitako irabujijwe. Muri 2010, kuri kimwe mu bikoresho byabonetse ... toni 1.2 za kokayine mu rwego rwa miliyoni 180 z'amadolari. Uyu munsi, magen ya Odessa nikibazo cya Ukraine. Birasohoka, magendu muri palmyre yepfo yarokotse ingoma, ndetse n'igihugu cy'amanama ...