Mehmed ntabwo nahekeje, umuhungu muto wa Ottoman Sultan Bayazida nabaye umuntu udasanzwe. Amaze kubaho ubuzima bugufi, yashoboye kubyuzuza ibishoboka byose, byari kuba bihagije kubategetsi icumi bakuru. We ku giti cye yitabiriye intambara 24, aho 42 ibikomere by2 ku nkota, kopi n'imyambi. Kuva mu bagore batatu ba Sultan bavutse abahungu barindwi n'abakobwa cumi n'umwe. Yarimbuye mu rugamba rw'imbaraga z'abavandimwe be bose.
Ariko ikintu cyingenzi - abo urubyaro rumwubahe, mugihe cyimyaka 8 yashoboye kugarura hafi ya Ottoman Sulcantate kandi bashimangira uburinganire, batsinzwe mugihe gito gishoboka.
Urubyiruko rugufi rw'ejo hazaza Sultan Mehmed
Mehmed Chelaby yavutse ahagana mu 1387-1389 i Bursa, avuye i Bursa, avuye kuri devlet-stun cyangwa sultan hatun, niba atari amazina abiri yumugore umwe. Mugihe cyo gutsindwa nubunyage bwa se mu 1402 yari akwiye kuba afite imyaka 13-14. Ku rugamba rwa Ankara, birashoboka cyane ko atigeze yitabira cyangwa ngo abaze ikiruhuko cy'izabukuru kandi atagushimishije Tamerlan, bitandukanye na benewakuru, musafuda na Musa.
Azayoborwa na Bayazis Pasha, Umujyi wa Amasiya, amuha uburinzi n'ubugitori. Iyo mememed ahinduka sultan, azaroroka umugikazi we mu mutego wa vizier ikomeye. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa se mu 1403, urubyiruko rwarushijeho kurangira kandi umutwaro wibibazo bya leta biramutegereje.
Kalletssha muri Rursa na Suleimani i Bushelia, maze mu gihe kimwe Abasisssha yagirwangira n'umutegetsi wa Tamerorlana. "
Intambara ya mbere ikomeye ya mehmed izakomeza afite imyaka 15, yakusanyije ingabo zizerwa, igitero cyitirirwa mu ijoro gitinyutse, azashyira Abasangura, asohoza Kara Devlemusha, atangaza ko Sultati, kugeza ubu mu burasirazuba bwa Anatoliya. Inzira ye rero izatangira kugarura ubunini bwa Ottoman.
Inzira ya Fratcide to Intebe
Kumyaka hafi 11 hagati yabavandimwe batatu, urugamba rudasubirwaho kuburenganzira bwo kwimuka bizagenda. Mu gihe gito ku kibuga cya politiki na gisirikare cy'icyo gihe gikomeye, umuvandimwe wa kane - Musa Chelaby azagaragara. Bivugwa ko yahawe Memorlane Mehmonda abisabwe. Ntabwo bizwi umubare munini, ariko Musa azaringira ku ruhande rwa memmed no ku ntambara ku mpande ebyiri bazatsinda Suleiman, ariko Musa arashaka kwishyiriraho Suleiman, azarimburwa na Mirmed.
Mu 1413, mejumed azatangaza ko yita kuri Sultan agatangira kugarura imbaraga za Ottoman kubera ibyo atunze. Abavandimwe be bishwe n'itegeko rye, we hamwe n'icyubahiro kinini gushyingura Bursa iruhande rwa se. Hashize na 1415, azatsinda abatandukanijwe bose ba Beiliki muri Malaya, usibye Karaman. Azamutera muri 1417, ariko azahagarara ku kwigarurira Konya kandi ntazakomeza.
Byongeye kandi, azatsinda Valachia n'ingabo ze bazagera muri Transyvania, bazatsinda Anato ya Anato na Alubaniya yo hagati ndetse na Alubaniya. Kugera kuri Danube yo hagati, hazabaho igihome gikomeye cyo kwemerera imbaraga ze aho (ubu umujyi wa Gouhruz).
Azagerageza kurwana mu nyanja, hamwe na Repubulika ya Venice. Ibi byari ibikorwa byambere bya gisirikare byuruto rwa Turukiya ku nyanja. "Umuvumo" wa mbere wasohotse, nk'uko bikwiye, "Komom." Amato ya Ottoman azavunika, kandi amato 25 afatwa na Venetiyasi.
Mu gihe yari memmed nsubize ubusugire bwa Leta ye kandi ryange ibyo atunze ku bya politiki imiterere mishya yagaragaye. Murumuna wa gatanu, - Mustafda yagaragaye ahandi.
Igihe kinini cyizeraga ko yishwe, ahantu hose mu rugamba i Ankara cyangwa mu bunyage bwa Tamerlan, ariko oya, - yagaragaye asaba kimwe cya kabiri cy'ubwami. Kwiyororwa na we witwa Umuvandimwe mushya na Umunyamerika, verisiyo imwe ibera mu nyandiko z'umwe mu mateka ya nyuma ya Byzantium George Sphrandzi.
Brantz yagerageje, yifashishije abifashijwemo na Venise na Byzantium, guhirika mehmed, ariko abara. Yavunitse n'umutwe, ariko ntiyicwa. Yoherejwe ku kirwa cya Lemnos, munsi ya "Ububiko bubihe" bw'Umwami w Byzantine.
Kurwanya Sultan hamwe n'Abakomunisiti
Mehmed ntabwo nticyari ubwitange bw'ikibazo cyo kurwanya "atari byo." Biragaragara, byari ngombwa kurwana ahanini n'abavandimwe kandi bibujijwe ba Bayliki muri Malaya muri Malaya, naho abakristu Byzantium, icyo aricyo cyose, cyari inshuti. Mu mateka, azinjiza izina "Noble", harimo n'imyitwarire y'indahemuka ku madini atandukanye yanze ko yatanze.
Ariko, mu kinyejana cya Sultani hari umugabo, uzaba imbere yigihe cye mu kinyejana. Igitekerezo cy'Abakomunisiti ntizitwavuka atari mu mutwe wa Karl Marx, ndetse no ku banganyi humura Ubufaransa, ifite imizi ya Ottoman. N'inyeshyamba "umudendezo, uburinganire, ubuvandimwe!" Azagira ibara ry'iburasirazuba, buvuka mu ntangiriro ya XV mu bitekerezo bya Sheikh Bedddondin.
Dushingiye ku gitekerezo cy'uko Imana ari wenyine ku byo bose n'abayisilamu, abakristu bombi, n'abayahudi baramurikirwa kandi bize bazashyiraho igitekerezo cy'uburinganire, gukuraho umutungo bwite no guhirika kwigenga.
Munsi yabenegihugu be bazahaguruka umubare munini wabantu benshi bakennye kandi bananiwe intambara ya leta. Mu kinyejana cya 20, yatsinzwe byanze bikunze na revolution ye mu kinyejana cya xx, ariko ikinyejana cyari xv. Mu gutsinda inshuro ebyiri ingabo za Sultan, ku ntambara ya gatatu yamenetse, mu 1420, benshi mu bavumbuwe "bavumbuwe, kandi Sheikh thereridenin ubwe yari yamanutse.
Ubuzima bwumuryango nurupfu Byarinzwe I.
Abagore ba Sultan bari batatu, babiri muri bo, - Emine-Hashan na Shehzade Hatun yari iy'impeshyi z'abategetsi b'abaturanyi beilikov, ariko nta kintu na kimwe kijyanye na Kumru, wenda yari inshoreke.
Abahungu be bazavuka barindwi, babiri bazapfa. Kasim azapfa mubana bato, afite imyaka 2. Irimbike afite imyaka 13, kandi intebe izaragwa Murad II, nyuma izarambika abavandimwe batatu, Ahmed, Makhmuda na Yusufa "kugirango birinde ibirego byabo. Aba bavandimwe bose bazapfa mugihe cyorezo cyicyo cyorezo i Bursa muri 1429.
Ahari imbaraga mu cyemezo kizaba umugambi wo kwigambanira undi muvandimwe Mustafa "Kyucheuk" - mu buhinduzi "Jr.", yishe 1423. Nubwo bishoboka, guhuma kwabavandimwe, bizaba ibikorwa bya "kugutezimbere".
Abakobwa be bazagira 10 cyangwa 11, bose bazaba abagore ba ba guverineri baturanye, batagereranywa beswany. Sultan Hatun, Selchuk Hatun (Ahari bibiri hamwe nizina rimwe, imwe muriyo yapfuye mbere), Iladis Hatun, Hafsi Hatun, Abakobwa babiri cyangwa batatu, bitwaga nkabagore y'abategetsi ba Beilikov, ariko utavuze amazina yabo.
Nkuko bigaragara sultan, nubwo byari bihuze nintambara na politiki, ariko nabyo byara imbuto nyinshi. Ariko, ntabwo byateganijwe kubaho "kurera muri laurel".
Mu 1421, mugihe cyo guhiga, yataguye ku ifarashi. Kuririmbira urupfu rwawe mu rupfu rwawe rwakomeretse, yategetse kwita umuhungu, Murad, ugiye ku ntebe y'ubwami. Uku nuburyo umuhanga mu by'amateka azandika kuri sokaugula:
Ati: "Amakuru y'urupfu rwa Sultan yakomeje ahantu hegereye mu ibanga ry'imbitse iminsi 42. Bwari ubwambere igihe urupfu rwa Vladka Osmanov rwihishe igihe kirekire. Igice cy'ingabo bakekaga amakosa, ibyago byo kwigomeka byaravutse. Noneho kubareka ngo "umukungugu mu jisho," habaye parade ya gisirikare. Umurambo wa Converse wangiritse wambaye imyenda ikungahaye, igitambara cyavomye imitwe kandi gishyira ibwami "parade" mu idirishya. Muri icyo gihe, ubupfura ntibushobora kwimura amaboko ye kugira ngo agaragaze ibimenyetso bya Sultan. "Ndetse na nyuma y'urupfu rwa Sultan Mehwed nagombaga kugira uruhare mu gukemura ikibazo cya Leta mu gukumira imvururu mu gisirikare.
Umwanzuro
Abahanga mu by'amateka benshi bo muri Turukiya bahamagaye isegonda (Nyuma ya Osman ubwe) washinze Ingoma ya Ottoman. Ni iki cyemereye uyu muntu udasanzwe mugihe gito nkiki, ni gute imyizerere yuwahoze ari Leta ya Ottoman?
Kuba buri munsi yuzuza ibisobanuro, ibirimo nibikorwa. Ntugahagarike akazi kawe utiha kuruhuka no kuruhuka. Ibi byose byibukwa ko yabangamiye kurimbuka k'umubiri, no kugeza ku rupfu rwe hakiri kare.
Imiterere y'intwali yahawe n'indahemuka, yemererwa kwerekana imvugo ivuga ko "ikintu cyose kitatwicaga, kidutera imbaraga." Niyo mpamvu, gutsinda ingorane, yarushagaho kuba mukuru mubantu bayo. Nubwo igiterane cyatataga ku nkota ku rugamba kandi atari kuva ku njangwe ku butegetsi bw'ingoro, ariko gusa uva ku kaga ku ifarashi. Mubyukuri, ntuzigera umenya aho ushobora gusanga - aho wabuze. "
Ubuvanganzo n'amasoko:
- Caroline Finkel "Inzozi Osman: Amateka ya Ottoman Ingoma ya Ottoman 1300-1923"
- B. P. Kinross "Indabyo no kubora Ingoma ya Ottoman"
- Yu. A. Petrosyan "Ingoma ya Ottoman. Imbaraga n'urupfu "