Nikolay Ladovsky ni umwubatsi udasanzwe, "utagaragara" kwitabira "ntabwo" atari "imishinga ye. Imwe muribi niyindibuto "ibintu bigize ubwubatsi na spatial" (1934). Mu banditsi N. Ladovsky (nko mumishinga myinshi yubwubatsi) ntabwo isobanutse.
Jya ku gice cya mbere cyingingo
Ariko, kubona izina ku gifuniko, ntabwo bigoye gukeka ko bitari nta ladovsky. Abanditsi - Asnov abanyamuryango: Vladimir Krlings, Ivan Lamstsov na Mikhail turkus. Bibiri bya nyuma - nanone ubushakashatsi bwa ladovysky. Kandi bose uko ari batatu - abarimu ba verennial ba Vhutemas hanyuma Ikigo cyubatswe cya Moscouctuke. Rero, uburyo bwa pedagogy bwateye muri Asnov byibuze kubikwa.
Muri icyo gihe, bizera ku mugaragaro ko Nikolai Ladovsky, mu mirimo myiza y'abahiganwa, gusa imishinga ibiri yashyizwe mu bikorwa:
- Pavilion y'Amajyepfo Metro "Irembo Ritukura";
- Inzu itandukanye ya sitasiyo ya Metzerzhinskaya.
Kandi byose ... birasa nkaho. Kuberako ntabwo ibintu byose byoroshye.
Mubyukuri, 90% byabanditsi baravuzwe neza: Imishinga ibiri yashyizwe mubikorwa. Ariko no muri Wikipedia, uwa gatatu asanzwe yerekanwe: Amazu abiri ya koperative "amazu ya gazetive", imirambo 3 na 5 ku mazu ya tversaya.
By the way, achitects ya Asnov itera umushinga wa stade itukura i Luzhniki, wakiriye umudari wa zahabu w'imurikagurisha ry'isi ryo mu 1935 i Paris. AHO aho Pavilion Melnikova n'umushinga wa Club ya Apeding Rodchenko bakangisha.
Kuri ladovsky ifite umubano utaziguye.
- Ubwa mbere, bitandukanye n'umukoresha wubaka, wakusanyije umubare munini uhwanye na abungamiricyubahiro
- Kandi icya kabiri, cyane cyane, uburyo bwayo kuva intangiriro byerekana akazi kagutse.
Mu matsinda rero asnov, ndetse cyane cyane kubanyeshuri be kuva Vhutemas, hariho na Nkolai Alexandrovich.
Twari tumaze kumenyana n'amazu ya Leningrad ku muhanda wa traktor? Ariko umushinga witsinda rya Moscow ya Asnov: Havo-Shabolovsky Zhilmasky (1927-30).
Mbere ya byose, ni umushinga wo kubaka agace kose, hamwe nuburyo bwumwimerere bwinzu. Byongeye kandi, mu mishinga yose, byari ngombwa kwibanda ku mategeko: Ibice bisanzwe byo guturamo byashyizweho n'amategeko. Amagorofa numwanya wamazu bijyanye na "umurongo utukura wa" etc.
Niki kitabuzaga igisubizo cyumwimerere: gutunganya murugo kubintu iburyo kuri mugenzi wawe, ubihindura kuri dogere 45 zerekeye gride yimihanda ikikije umuhanda uzengurutse. Amazu yibanze ku mpande z'isi: ibyumba byo kubamo hamwe na balkoni bikomoka mu majyepfo, igikoni, ubwogero n'ibice bisa - amajyaruguru.
Hano urashobora kubona impande zisohoka, kandi, nanone wigunze ukoresheje ibara: byasobanuwe kandi bisobanurwa inyuma yinkuta zitateganijwe zitateganijwe.
Mugihe runaka hamwe numurongo utambitse, umukandara uragaragara - mubyukuri, igisubizo, biranga byinshi byubaka. Niba bashyira mu bikorwa imitako, babagaburira imibumbe ikora ku giti cyabo, cyangwa "bwerekanye" urwego rw'inyubako; Nibyiza, "byasobanuye" umukandara wakataga ntabwo buri gihe ufite amafaranga ahagije.
Ibishyira mu gaciro bishushanyijeho ukundi nshimangira imbaraga, imiterere, injyana, ijwi.
Nko nk'urugero, mu mudugudu wa "Budennovskaya" ku muhanda munini w'amaposita (umutwe wa M. Modaleva, abubatsi A. Fufaev na Ikarita) bivugwa muri ASNOV).
Kandi gahunda yumudugudu ni kure yumurimo igororoka. (Ibuka igitekerezo cya Corbusi, ko imijyi ishaje yiburayi "yubatswe hamwe na dosiye" kujyayo, zishobora kunyura he? Umuntu ashobora kunyuramo?)
Ariko amagambo make yerekeye ibara.
Umucungamu wavuze gato, "Umucungugu" wa Preduct "ukoresha kubaka. Iki nikihe cya Avant-gade! Kandi ibishyira mu gaciro ntibyibagiwe imikorere. Kurugero, cyera murugo ukoresheje Windows majyepfo cyangwa mu majyepfo. Uburusiya ntabwo ari Ubutaliyani cyangwa Ubufaransa bwepfo, aho ukeneye kwihisha izuba ... no muri Havo-Shalebovsky ibyumba byo guturamo hamwe na balkoni bizanwa mu majyepfo, mu gikoni n'ibyumba bisa - amajyaruguru.
Kandi byinshi: imikorere yihariye (cyangwa, mubyukuri, birafatika) kwigaragaza muguhitamo ibintu.
Litish yubaka - ashimangira beto. Ariko muri GSSR 20s hamwe n'umusaruro wa beto bashimangiwe, kandi nanone barabaye, ibintu nta kibazo.
Ibishyira mu gaciro bikorana n'amatafari, rimwe na rimwe - gukoresha kabiri, kuva ku nyubako zishaje. Amatafari mu Burusiya Loti, umusaruro wacyo urahangayitse, kandi wubakwa ako kanya ku misozi. Byuzuye ukoresheje imiterere yibikoresho, chromatiotique yayo, ihumure hejuru; Ubushobozi bwo gushiraho impapuro zigoye.
Hano, nukuvuga, ibisenge byashizweho muri Havsco-Shabolovsky Zhilmassiv.
Igisenge kirambuye kirakonje cyane. Bihendutse kandi bituma bishoboka gushyira akarere rusange hano. Ubu ni ubu, hamwe nibikoresho hamwe nikoranabuhanga bigezweho, ibisenge bikunze kugaragara. Kandi icyo gihe ...
Ibuka inzu, Hamagara kubera kumeneka bisanzwe "amarira ya social"? No mu Burayi bwateye imbere, ibi byabaye. Bati, bagakomeza gahunda kandi igisenge cya Villa izwi cyane ya Savoy, imwe mu mfunguzo lusbuer. Yubatse ikintu hamwe nikoranabuhanga ryagize icyo gihe.
Ariko gushyira mu gaciro mu bihe by'Abasoviyeti ntabwo bifite isoni zo kubumba amatafari cyangwa ibisenge byashizweho. Ariko "chip" yuburyo bwubwubatsi buracyabisanzwe.
Nigute inyubako zo guturamo mubisanzwe zijugunya? Umurongo uhwanye n "inkingi"; "Mu cyuma", impera kuri mugenzi wawe, rimwe na rimwe gukora "sausage" yagutse; Umusaraba; Kare ...
Abashyira mu gaciro bafite amazu "trilisnist", hirya no hino, kurugero, ingazi. Umushinga wambere nkuyu ni Vhutemovskaya itsinda rya ladovsky, mu 1924 ku nzu i Sokolniki. Ntabwo rero byubatswe.
Yubatswe kumushinga utandukanye muto mumwanzi wa Siva mu 1930-32. Kandi iyi ni ikindi "kitazwi" cya ladovsky.
Ariko rwose "kubaka" "inkunga ya mbere. Birashoboka kubaka ku nkunga? Bihuye nigisubizo cya spatial?
Yego nyamuneka!
Iyi nzu ntabwo iri kurutonde rwimirimo ya ladovsky, ariko rwose irateguwe kubitaziguye. By'umwihariko niba wibuka ubukure bwakazi muri Asnov.
Mu bashinze asnov yari umwanditsi uzwi cyane. Kandi, bisa nkaho byashyizwe mubikorwa numushinga wonyine wubatswe - inzu yo gucapa yikinyamakuru "ogonek", 1932. Birashoboka, birashobora guterwa no gushyira mu gaciro?
Ariko indi nkuru imwe hamwe na "bitazwi" bya ladovsky!) Umushinga wa Litsisky: Kubaka Ubuyobozi bwa CPKIO. Gorky. Twatunganijwe kandi dushyira mubikorwa uzamusimbura kuri Liskisky nkubwubatsi bwingenzi CPCO ishingiye kumushinga wacyo.
Mu 1928, Ladovsky, uko bigaragara, yahisemo ko abigishwa be biteguye umurimo ufatika. Yasohotse mu bikorwa byayo bya Asnov no gutegura Aru - Ishyirahamwe ry'Ububatsi bw'Ukuri. Izina ryerekana neza intego zumuryango: iterambere ryintego n'imishinga.
Kandi mu 1932, Ladovsky itanga umushinga we kuri gahunda rusange yo kongera kubaka Moscou. Ku bwe, kuva mu mateka ya Moscou, ahantu hashya hagomba gutandukanya come yagura tiver.
Yahamagaye iyi Scheme "parabola".
Imirire-Impeta Imiterere yubatswe yasuzumwe kandi ikagabanya iterambere ryumujyi. Ariko, bitandukanye na corbusiier imwe hamwe n'ibitekerezo bye bikabije, "byose byo gusengeramo mu mujyi." Ladovsky Igice cyo hagati cya "Parabola" gikora mu gace utuyemo, uturere twinganda "igiteranyo" ku nyubako yo guturamo ku mipaka. Parabola yerekanwe mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, asiga umujyi amahirwe yo gukura.
Nkuko mubizi, umushinga utandukanye rwose wafashwe n '"Stalinist" mu kwiyubaka mu myaka itari mike. Harimo navumbuwe no guteza imbere imiterere ya kera yumurwa mukuru.
Ariko mu ikarita igezweho ya Moscou, ntigera tubona, ntabwo, ntabwo "parabola", ariko ... kwaguka no gutanga cone "ishaje". Nibyo, ntareka yerekeza kuri Tver, ariko hejuru yuburengerazuba - ariko igitekerezo cya ladovsky kirakekwa rwose hano. Sinzi niba bifite agaciro byibuze mugihe utera gahunda yo guteza imbere umujyi. Ariko biragaragara ko ubwubatsi buke buke cyangwa inzobere mu gutegura umujyi bigomba kumenyera amateka yubwubatsi ...
Umwaka mbere, umwubatsi wateshaga igitekerezo cyo kubaka kinini kuva murwego rusanzwe, yuzuye ingirabuzimafatizo zubwoko bwinshi bwakozwe ku nganda kandi ziteguye gushyikirizwa urubuga. Nibyiza, kandi barashobora gushyirwa hakurikijwe umushinga runaka, kubaka inzu yimpapuro nubunini.
Akagari kasabwe kwinjizwa ku nkombe yateguwe murugo kandi ihuza imitutu yabanjirije. Ikindi gitekerezo cya soviet Avant-gazer yari imbere yigihe cyabo!
Mu 1934, undi mushinga urimo gushyirwa mubikorwa: ibintu "bikoresho bigize ubwubatsi na spatial". Ntabwo bwa mbere mumubare wabanditsi, Ladovsky ntabwo isobanutse.
Ariko, amazina yo ku gutwi yivugira ubwabo: Abitabiriye Asmanov Vladimir things, ivan itara na mikhail turkus. Bibiri bya nyuma - nanone ubushakashatsi bwa ladovysky. Kandi uko ari batatu ni abigisha ba Vhutema, hanyuma ikigo cya Moscouctuke. Rero, uburyo bwa pedagogy bwateye muri Asnov byibuze kubikwa. Kandi urebe amazina yabanditsi b'igitabo, ntabwo bigoye kubitekerezaho nta ruhare rwa ladovsky ntacyo rwatwaye.
Kubwamahirwe, mumyaka ibiri, guhuza amashyirahamwe yose yo guhanga bizatangira mumiterere imwe, bizahinduka umuryango wibihugu byo guhanga.
Amaherezo, abantu babiri "kumugaragaro" imishinga ya ladovsky - ahari atypical cyane muri metero ya moscou.
- Pavilion "Irembo Ritukura" - Mubyukuri, urwibutso rwizina rimwe ryizina rimwe, ryasenyutse nintsinzi arch of the Centro yo mu kinyejana cya XVII.
- Muri icyo gihe, icyinjiriro ryubwinjiriro ni bwo buryo butaziguye ku bya kera, ku kimenyetso gitangaje, ibinyejana byinshi byashushanyije imiryango n'amadirishya y'insengero.
Portal "ikurura" twe imbere mu rusengero, ishyiraho imbaraga zerekeza. Nkubwinjiriro bwa "Irembo ritukura" "gutinda" abagenzi, niko inzu yo "Derzhinsky" ibayobora munsi yubutaka.
Igitekerezo cya ladovsky, mubyukuri, kivuguruza kwishyiriraho kwishyiriraho: ntigomba kumva ko turi munsi yubutaka. Ladovsky yemeranya ko ari umuyoboro, ubwonko bwo munsi. Kandi ongera ushyireho imbaraga, kumva kugenda kuri yo ...
Kubwamahirwe, agace gato kagumye muri uyu mushinga, kabitswe nkana nububatsi bwakozwe nikibazo kinini cyo kwiyubaka mu myaka ya za 70.
Ibi ntabwo ari ukutubaka gusa. Ubu ni bwo buryo butandukanye bwo kumenya ubwubatsi, kujya mubikorwa biva muburyo, nkuko bigaragara numuntu.
Mu nzira, muri Asnov, icyarimwe, ndetse na Kontantin Melnikov, umuhanga mu ku giti cye, ubwenge, utigeze agira uruhare mu mashyirahamwe ayo ari yo yose kandi ntiyashidikanyaga ku mashyirahamwe ayo ari yo yose. Ahari kuberako barebye byinshi kuri byinshi? Undi yaje gushinjwaga "umushinga."
Mubyukuri, nibyo. Ibishyira mu gaciro bitondera byinshi ku mirimo yo gushinga, akenshi bo ubwabo biyise "abahanga." Ariko muri 20, yashowe muri ubu buryo, hamwe nandi huriro kuruta igice cya kabiri cya 30.
Ariko impamvu Wikipedia avuga ko:
Gushyira mu gaciro birazwi (kandi bishyirwa mubikorwa) bibi cyane kuruta kubasha kubyubaka bigezweho?Nkuko tubibona, shyira mu gaciro zubatswe, kandi wubake ibihangange byose byo gutura. "Byashyizwe mu bikorwa byinshi" birashobora kwitwa? Ntabwo aricyo nikolay ladovsky ubwe?
Nibyo gusa uwize abandi imyaka myinshi, yubatse byinshi birenze imishinga yashyizwe mubikorwa. Yateguye igisekuru cy'ejo hazaza ba Masters batsinze, ibarirwa muri za mirongo yo kubaka ibyo tugikoresha, kandi shima.
Umwanditsi - Alexander Smirnov
Isoko - Sprangzhizni.ru.