Uru ni rwo cyongeye gukundana: Tuvuga icyo izindi nzira zerekeza kubabyeyi zibaho

Inzira nyinshi zababyeyi zigezweho zifitanye isano nigitekerezo cyurukundo. Ariko, iyi nyigisho ntabwo ariryo jyenyine muri zaremewe gusobanura no kugenzura umubano wababyeyi. Tuvuga icyo ubundi buryo buhari.

Igitekerezo cyo kwizirika

Ariko kubatangiye, reka tubimenye hamwe nigitekerezo cyurukundo. Twanditse kubyerekeye inshuro zirenze imwe (kurugero, hano na hano), ubu rero wibuke ibintu byingenzi.

Umwanditsi wumugereka ufatwa nkimyuka y'abana John Bowlby. Mu gihe cy'intambara, yakoraga mu bitaro bya Londres, aho yashoboraga kureba ingaruka ku iterambere na psyche y'umwana, gutandukana no kubura ababyeyi.

Nyuma gato, igikombe cyatangiye gukorana n'umuhanga mu by'imitekerereze ya Umunyakanada Mariya Ensworth, kandi bateza imbere igitekerezo cy'uko igitekerezo cyo kwivuza hagati ya nyina n'umwana we birakenewe kugira ngo babeho.

Ubushishozi bwa nyina, ibitekerezo bye ku mwana, ubushobozi bwo kumva ibyo akeneye kandi no kuhaza bifatwa nk'indangagaciro z'ingenzi mu nyigisho y'urukundo.

Urwego rwo hasi rwimpuhwe, kwinjiza no gushyigikirwa na nyina biha umwana ikimenyetso cyuko isi imukikije yanga, kandi we ubwe ntakwiriye urukundo no kumwitaho.

Mu rwego rw'igitekerezo, ubwoko bune bw'ingenzi bw'umugereka butangwa: kwizerwa, biteye ubwoba, birinda kwanga kandi biteza ubwoba-birinda. Ubwoko bwingenzi bwumugereka, bugizwe hagati yumwana nababyeyi, mugihe kizaza bigira ingaruka ku myifatire yumwana nabandi bantu, hamwe nisi hamwe na we.

Igitekerezo cy'urukundo cyatanze ingaruka zikomeye mu bumwe bugezweho ku babyeyi - ni we tugomba gusinzira guhubuka gato, kugaburira ibisabwa n'uburenganzira bwo kwambara umwana mu biganza uko dushaka. Icyamamare cyogeje mu bihugu by'ibihugu by'Uburayi ku giti cye byagize ingaruka ku bwiyongere bw'ikiruhuko cy'ikiruhuko cyo kubyara ndetse n'ubucuruzi busabwa bw'abana bafite imyaka itandukanye.

Birumvikana ko bidakora hano kandi nta kunegura. Ibirego by'ingenzi by'abatavuga rumwe ni uko gushiraho urukundo rukomeye kandi rwizewe ari ugushishikazwa cyane kandi bisaba ababyeyi imbaraga nyinshi, kubisubizo byifuzo, kubisubizo bagomba kwitanga igihe, ibyifuzo byabo.

Ibitekerezo byurukundo byabanjirije kandi biherekeje ubundi buryo bwo kurege kubabyeyi no gusesengura imibanire y'ababyeyi. Noneho tuzakubwira ibyabo (ubutabera ndashaka kurya cyane ntabwo bifitanye isano na byose kubabyeyi - bamwe muribo bifitanye isano no guteza imbere inzira z'umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa ubwenge, ariko nanone bigira ingaruka ku mirimo yo kurera y'abana).

Ibitekerezo byo kurera nabi

Gutera imbere mubushakashatsi bwabana nubumuntu byababyeyi no gushiraho uburyo butandukanye butunganijwe bwaje mugice cya mbere cyikinyejana cya makumyabiri. Ibi ntibisobanura ko ntamuntu watekerezaga kubabyeyi muri rusange - mbere yuko ibitekerezo byinshi byari bishingiye ku bunararibonye bwabanditsi, imibereho myiza, ikeneye societe na dogmale. Ubudahebunze byose nuburyo bwo kubabyeyi, ntabwo bushingiye kumakuru ya siyansi, yitwa inyigisho zidafite ishingiro cyangwa mintu.

Urugero rero, mu gihe cyo hagati, umwana yarimo ashyira umwana gusinzira atari ibintu byabiyobyabwenge cyangwa ibinyobwa bisindisha, byihuse kandi byizewe "gutema" umwana.

Uru rugero rwerekana uburyo uburyo bwo kuba umubyeyi bwahindutse cyane muriki gihe (niba ushishikajwe nababyeyi bagati, dufite ibikoresho bitandukanye kuri iyi ngingo).

Ibindi bintu byerekana ni isano nibihano byumubiri. Abakinnyi b'imitekerereze ya Australiya Peter Newcoms na Anthony Kish mu 2015 rwasohoye ingingo aho habaye amoko 10 yerekana ibihano byumubiri byabana. Ubu buryo bwari bushingiye ku bitekerezo bibiri by'ingenzi: Kuba igihano kidafite ingaruka, kandi icyo gihano kirakenewe kandi gifite akamaro. Abashakashatsi bahamagaye "imigani", kubera ko bananiwe kubasanga ishingiro rya siyansi.

Naho imbaraga z'amadini, dore urugero rwiza rwo kwegera ababyeyi ba Puritian muri Amerika y'Abakoloni. Bizeraga ko abana babanje guhagararira "ikibi" n '"icyaha", bityo rero umurimo w'ababyeyi ni "kwikuramo ikibi."

Igitekerezo cyo guteza imbere imitekerereze ya Freud

Umwanditsi w'imwe mu nyigisho za mbere ya siyanse y'iterambere ry'umwana ni umuhanga mu by'imiti ya Leta ya Austrishiya na SigMund Freud. Mu 1936, yerekanye igitekerezo cyo guteza imbere imibereho myiza ya psychousxix, aho yageneye ibyiciro bitanu by'ingenzi: mu kanwa, anal, anal, fallic, ntaroha kandi imyanya ndangagitsina. Mu rwego rw'igitekerezo cyayo, Freud yafashe ko iterambere ry'umwana ribera mu rutonde rukomeye.

Buri cyiciro bisobanura aho, ukurikije imbaraga za psychoanalyst, imbaraga zisambanyi zumuntu zikora.

Kubera ibikomere byabana cyangwa umubano utameze neza hamwe nababyeyi, umwana arashobora gutangira "gutinda" kuri gahunda yacyo yo mu mutwe kandi agenwa ku cyiciro runaka, kikaganisha ku bibazo bya psychologiya mu gihe kizaza.

Nubwo mu bahanga harimo abashyigikiye inyigisho ya Fred, ubushakashatsi bwakurikiyeho bwerekanye ko butavuguruzanya, kandi umuryango wa siyansi wanze gukoreshwa cyane. Icyakora, igitekerezo cyo iterambere rya mu mutwe cyari gikiri ingirakamaro: Yakinguye imiryango yo kurema no guteza imbere ibindi bitekerezo bya siyanse mu iterambere ry'abana n'imibanire y'ababyeyi.

Beheregiam (inyigisho yo kumyitwarire)

Inyigisho za kera z'ababyeyi, hamwe n'ubwenge bw'urukundo, harimo ibitekerezo byimyitwarire, umwe mubashinze Beheimuight John watson yabaye. Ibitekerezo bya Watson bishingiye kumurimo wa Pavlov (the, hamwe nimbwa) na todandyka. Kuri we, umwana arashobora kwipimisha muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose, akoresheje tekinike imwe ikoreshwa, kurugero, mugihe amahugurwa.

Watson yahakanye uruhare rwibyabaye imbere, ibyifuzo byawe no kwisesengura mubikorwa byumuntu - yizeraga ko namafaranga akwiye, birashoboka ko yitwara gusa muburyo runaka, ahubwo yizeraga ko adashobora kwitwara muburyo runaka, ahubwo yizeraga ko adashobora kwitwara muburyo runaka, ahubwo yizeraga ko adashobora kwitwara muburyo runaka, ahubwo yizeraga ko adashobora kwitwara muburyo runaka, ahubwo yizeraga ko atabigize muburyo runaka, ahubwo yizeraga ko adashobora kwitwara muburyo runaka, ahubwo yizeraga ko adashobora kwitwara muburyo runaka, ahubwo yizeraga ko adashobora kwitwara muburyo runaka, ahubwo yizeraga kutagira amarangamutima runaka (gusa nk'imbwa irashobora kwigishwa kureka guterwa iyo itara).

Umuhanga yabonaga iterambere rya "gukosora" asabwa muburyo bwo gukora bwo gutsinda ibibazo bya psychologiya, nubwo bimeze no gutinya cyangwa isoni.

Yarwanyije kandi kwerekana ubwuzu bukabije no kwita ku mwana, kuko yatinyaga ko bishobora gutera "ubumuga bwize." Muri make, bitandukanye nabashyigikiye inyigisho yo kwizirika, Watson yari azi neza ko umwana ashobora kuvunika n '"imikoreshereze".

Mu myaka ya za 1930, igitekerezo cya Watson cyashyigikiwe nundi muhanga - uwashinze imyitwarire ya burundu burres. Shurner yavuze ko hifashishijwe imbaraga zo hanze, atari imyitwarire gusa, ahubwo ni ibitekerezo byumuntu birashobora guhinduka.

Uruhu rwerekana kandi ko umuntu ashaka gusubiramo imyitwarire, nkibisubizo yakiriye umushahara, kandi ishaka kwirinda imyitwarire, nkibisubizo yakiriye interuro. Gushimangira birashobora kuba imibereho (urugero, ishimwe) nibikoresho (igikinisho gishya cyangwa gishya), kimwe na kimwe kireba igihano.

Imyidagaduro yo Kwiga Imibereho

Ikindi nyigisho, cyangwa ahubwo, ikindi cyerekezo cy'icyitegererezo cy'imyitwarire cyasabwe na Albert Bambura kandi kitwa inyigisho yo kwiga imibereho. Nk'uko bandura, ibitekerezo byabanjirije gusa byibanze gusa kubintu bimwe byihariye byo gushiraho imiterere yumuntu (urugero, gusa kubidukikije hamwe nibidukikije. Mugihe mubyukuri byari ngombwa kuzirikana byose muri complex: kandi hanze Ibidukikije, nibintu byihariye, hamwe nubushake bwimbere bwumuntu ubwe.

Dukurikije inyigisho yo kwiga imibereho, umuntu yumva ko imyitwarire imwe n'imwe nziza, kandi imyitwarire runaka, idashingiye kubunararibonye bwayo gusa, ahubwo ireba kandi kureba abandi.

Umwana akurikiza ibibera mwisi bimukikije, kandi ni ubuhe buryo bw'imyitwarire buremewe muri bwo, kandi ibyo - oya, bishingiye kuri ibi, bituma uhitamo kwawe.

Igitekerezo cya Bambura gishimangira akamaro k'ibintu by'ababyeyi gusa bigamije gushinga umwana w'imyitwarire runaka, ariko kandi ibidukikije bikura (ibi bikaba bidashoboka kugerageza gukosora imyitwarire ya Umwana niba ababyeyi be bamwereke urugero rwiza).

Igitekerezo cy'Ubudage cya "Anti-Gusoma"

Nubwo nyir'igitekerezo cyo kwizirika kwamamaye cyane mu Burayi bugezweho, ntabwo buri gihe. Kurugero, mugihe cyibihe by'Ubudage bw'Abanazi, ababyeyi bakurikizaga inyigisho ya "anti-recreak", abashoranyi bayo bari umuganga Joanna Harer. Mu 1934, Haper yanditse igitabo ku burezi bw'abana "nyina w'Ubudage n'imfura ye", yarimo ibyifuzo byinshi.

Harer yavuze ko mu masaha 24 ya mbere nyuma yo kubyara, umwana agomba kugabanamo nyina ashyira mu cyumba gikurikira kugira ngo nyina akire nyuma yo kubyara, kandi umwana yarinzwe na mikorobe zamahanga. Gutandukana gutya byari bikwiye gukomeza mumezi atatu yambere yubuzima bwumwana - nyina yemerewe kuyisura kubishushanyo bikabije byo kugaburira. Kugaburira byari bikwiye gusezerana bitarenze iminota 20, hanyuma nyina yari ahita areka umwana - nta itumanaho, caress n'imikino. Nk'uko Harer, byari ngombwa kugira ngo habeho ubutegetsi buvuye mu kigero hakiri kare.

Dukurikije inyigisho za Haran, abana bari baracyakomeje "kurenganya," kandi ntibagaragaje ibimenyetso bihagije byo kumenyekanisha no gutekereza bihagije mu mezi ya mbere nyuma yo kubyara. Ku bwe, kurira abana byari uburyo bwo gukora ikintu.

Ababyeyi basabwe kutajyana abana n'amaboko yabo, aho gutuza kandi ntibabacuza kugira ngo badakura mu gihe kizaza muri "Trancent yo mu" ariko ariko ikomeje. "

Ibyo byifuzo byose byari bigamije gukura kubana bafite umuryango bashinzwe kandi bafite agaciro - niyo mpamvu abana mubyukuri bagombaga kumva rubanda kugiti cyabo no kwiga ibyifuzo byabo n'ibyifuzo byabo biri mu nyungu zabo.

Ibitekerezo byose byashyizwe ku byashyizwe ku byashyizwe ku byashyizwe ku rutonde no gusa igice gito gusa cyibyatsi byateguwe nabahanga mumyaka ijana ishize mugerageza gusobanura ibigiraho ingaruka kumuntu, kandi niyihe ababyeyi bagomba kwitondera uburezi bwumwana.

Kera kandi biganisha muri societe yuburengerazuba bwa kijyambere muriki gihe inyigisho ebyiri zirafatwa: inyigisho yo kwizirika hamwe ninyigisho yo kwiga imibereho. Nibo bose bafite ingaruka kuri ibyo bisubizo ababyeyi baremewe mugikorwa cyo kurera abana. Birumvikana ko Ubwo bumwe n'ubundi buryo bufite imbaraga zabo n'intege nke zabo, bityo rero biragaragara ko zimwe mu nyigisho zemewe, ntibishoboka.

Birashoboka, uburyo bwiza buzaba aribwo ababyeyi bahitamo, bashingiye kubijyanye n'ubushobozi bwabo, ibyihutirwa, ndetse no mu biranga umwana wabo, kandi hamwe n'inguzanyo y'amakuru ya siyansi (kandi hano, ndashaka kukwibutsa ko hariya Ntabwo bigaragara mu buryo bw'ubuhanga bwemeza inyungu cyangwa umutekano w'ihohoterwa rikorerwa abana, ariko ibintu byerekana akaga n'ibibi - hariya). Usibye ibitekerezo no kwegera kubabyeyi, hariho nuburyo butandukanye bwababyeyi - banditse birambuye hano.

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