Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, Epoki ya Politiki Nkuru yatangiye. Ababuranyi barwaniye abatora, batanga inzira zabo kugirango bakemure ibibazo byo gukanda. Isi yagabanijwemo ingengabitekerezo. Akenshi, abahanga mu by'amateka basetsa kugira ngo bahanganye na "Izmov" batandukanye ": kuva mu Bakomunikazi kugeza mu bwembaro. Abashimusi bakubiswe mu mateka y'Uburayi, byatumye umwe mu bihugu bya mbere by'igitugu. Muri iyi ngingo tuzasesengura ibishishwa n'impamvu yagaragaye mu Butaliyani.
Kuki Ubutaliyani?
Mu 1919, uwahoze ari umunyamakuru wakozwe mu bikorwa mu bufatanye muri Milan "ubumwe bw'intambara" - "Fascio di concattimento". Ijambo "Fashisme" ryinjiye mu nkoranyamagambo ya politiki yo mu Butaliyani. Byakoreshejwe mbere, ariko ubu iyi mbaraga za politiki gusa zavugaga imbaraga. Ubwami bw'Ubutaliyani bwavutse igice cya kabiri cy'ikinyejana cya 19. Abataliyani ntibari bagiye gushingwa neza nk'igihugu, ko bibutse abakurambere b'Abaroma bakomeye ku nduhutse. Igihugu cyashakaga gusubiza "umwanya munsi y'izuba", bivuze ko Uburayi yose, biteguye intambara ya mbere y'isi yose. Ubwa mbere - kuruhande rwa GATMAS na Abongereza, kandi kuva 1915 - kuruhande rwa entete (Ubwongereza, Ubufaransa n'Uburusiya no mu Burusiya).
Mu 1918, intambara yararangiye, ariko bazana abantu bo mu Butaliyani bamwe batengushye: abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni bapfuye cyangwa bakomeretse bikomeye, mu bice bimwe na bimwe byo mu gihugu, abahinzi bahagaze ku cyiciro cy'inzara, inganda zahagaze. Ndetse n'uturere dushya ntabwo twakiriye Abataliyani. UBUTELAN yari mu batsinze, ariko yari ameze nk'uwatsinzwe. Mugihe cyo gusenyuka mubukungu, abantu bakunda kwizera abapolisi, kwiheba bashishikarizwa abantu kurenza urugero. Ku bijyanye n'ubutaliyani - kubera "kurenza urugero", muburyo bwa politiki. Benito Musolini na "Druzhina" we batanze Abataliyani inzira yo gukomera no kuba muri yo barizeraga. "Fascio" - bisobanura "Beam", ubumwe Musolini yashakaga kugeraho, ku buryo Abataliya bongera kuba ingoma ya Mediterane, kimwe no mu bihe bya Sezari cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus cyangwa Aktaviya Augustus. Kandi aho ubukuru buzaba iterambere ryubukungu. Emera amajwi, cyane cyane mugihe watengushye mubitekerezo bya kera.
Inkomoko n'ingingo zingenzi za fascism
Umuhanga mu by'amateka y'Abanyamerika arangingiza yizera ko imwe mu masoko y'ubwenge y'abatekerezo ba fashisme iscinism Darvinism. Yashizweho nyuma yuko bamwe mu mibereho y'abaturage bahuye n'ibinyabuzima bya Darwin ku kinyabuzima. Niba ngufi, societe nayo igahitamo gutoroshye, barokoka abakomeye. Niba kandi ishyirahamwe nyamukuru rya leta ni leta, bivuze ko igomba kurinda ubwoko bwabo.
Ku mutwe nk'ibi, hagomba kubaho umuyobozi ukomeye kandi ufite uburenganzira, urugero ", exshuman", neza, neza, cyangwa nkuko abafasi bavuze - "Duch". Hano hari gahunda ngufi yo kureba ku cyitegererezo cyimibereho: "Umuyobozi ukomeye - leta ikomeye - igihugu gikomeye." Abadetaleni nyuma y'intambara ya mbere: Abadepite ("Kwiga byoroshye" ) n'ubumuga bw'Uwiteka (mu Butaliyani Amategeko Umwami). Byari ngombwa ko dushakisha icyitegererezo cya politiki na Fashiste. Mu 1926, umwe mu bagize uruhare hamwe n'ingengabitekerezo ya Mussolini yasohoye igitabo "Shingiro bya Fashisis", byagaragaje ibitekerezo by'ishyaka. Mu 1932, "duchess" yasohoye "inyigisho za Fashisme." Dore ibitekerezo byingenzi bya Fashiste:
- Igihugu na leta ni agaciro gakomeye.
- Kurinda igihugu, leta igomba kugira imbaraga zuzuye.
- Hagomba kubaho imiyoborere rusange muri byose, imiterere ntishobora gutanga kubaho.
- Uburyo bwo gusiganwa (bwerekanwa kubitekerezo bya Hitler) gutandukana. Ariko leta itegetswe kurinda igihugu "abandi bantu". Kubwibyo, ibihano kumubano uvanze mu mpera za 1930.
Abashyigikiye ba mbere ba Benito babaye igisirikare cyahoze ari igisirikare, bitengushye mu bitekerezo by'ubujura, kureba urupfu rw'inshuti na bagenzi babo imbere. Ingabo za Mussolini ubwabo bitwaga "blackruff." Guhitamo ibara ntabwo ari impanuka: kubaha icyunamo kubapfuye nibitekerezo. Ultra iburyo bwatanze "isi nziza."
Ninde Benito Mussolini
Kugeza mu 1919, yari agizwe n'ishyaka ry'abasosiyalisiti bo mu Butaliyani. Amateka Yicyuma: Umutaliyani "Ibumoso" ahagarara ku nkomoko ya ultra-iburyo bwu Burayi. Mu myaka y'intambara, yimukiye mu Busuwisi kugira ngo yirinde guhamagara. Intambara irangiye, yatangiye gutenguha muri Sobasiyalissiyalissiyalissiyalissiyalisiti, kuko hari icyiciro cya mbere, atari igihugu. Musolini na we yari afite ibitekerezo byigitugu cya Proletari nibindi bitekerezo byibumoso. Benito mu 1919 yahujije ibitekerezo byo gukunda igihugu bikomeye, kubangamira no kwitegura kwa Davinism. Yakoraga mu bitabo bitandukanye, yize gukoresha ubuhanga ko mu gihe kizaza yamufashaga mu gikorwa cyo kwiyamamaza.
Kuva mu bitekerezo ku butegetsi
Mu 1921, "Ubumwe bw'intambara" bwabaye ishyaka ryigihugu rya Faeciste. Bwa mbere bavuga ko ari imbaraga. Binyuze mu matora, mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko, Mussolini yangiriye umwami Viktor Emmanuil wa III n'ubukangurambaga bwa gisirikare i Roma. Monarh yatinyaga intambara y'abenegihugu, cyane cyane ko Benito yari afite uburambe bwo kurwana. Umwami yatanze, abashimye bahawe manda yungirije. Mu 1924, ahantu henshi yigaruriwe na Fashiste mu matora. Muri icyo gihe, Mariteatis Matteati yavuganye no kunegura abashakashatsi. Bidatinze, yishwe n'abarwanyi ba Mussogonini. Gukandamizwa kwa politiki byatangiye mu gihugu, abatavuga rumwe na leta bararezwe. Abapolisi b'ibanga, na poropagande ya Fashiste yatangiye mu gihugu hose. Mu 1929, Abataliyani batoye kuri Plebiscite kubera ko bashobora kugira ishyaka rimwe gusa. Amaherezo w'Ubutaliyani yabaye umucugarugori.
Ingaruka zo Kugaragara kwa Fashisme
Bigomba kwibukwa ko iyi ari ingengabitekerezo yubaha Imana. Inzira nziza yo gusubiza imiterere yawe ni ugutangiza intambara nshya. Intambara imwe y'isi yari abantu bato. Birasohoka, isura ya Fashisime ni imwe mu mpamvu zituma Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. Musolini yagize uruhare mu gukumira ibitekerezo by'Ubudage mu Budage. Hitler bose uko 1920 yari umufana wumunyagitugu wubutaliyani, ariko igihe imibare yabo yarinze, yagerageje kuyihisha. Führer ahuza ibitekerezo by '"abapfuye" bari mu bay b'Abadage, bashiraho ibyerekeye itsembabwoko, bayoboye itsembabwoko, itsembabwoko, indege n'ibindi byaha by'ubutegetsi bw'Abanazi. Nibyiza ko tutazibagirwa ko ibitekerezo byigihangano byigihangano bya Ikinyejana cya makumyabiri cyateye imbere ko muri iki kinyejana twita amaraso.