Don Cossack na Ataman Steptan Razin yinjiye mu nkuru nk'umwuzure n'umutwe w'intambara y'abahinzi wamurikiye mu Burusiya muri 16701. Kubantu benshi, izina rye rifitanye isano no kugaba ibitero no kurimbuka. Kwigomeka ku buyobozi bw'urukuta rwa Razin byabaye urupapuro rubabaje kandi rwamaraso rwamateka y'Uburusiya.
Nubwo bimeze, kamere ya Stedan ntigomba gusuzumwa munsi yinguni gusa - ntabwo yari afite ubupfura bidasanzwe nuburinganiwe bwubugingo. Birashobora kwitwa icyemezo cyihariye, wabaye "se" wibibi byose. Inzira y'Ubuzima yari Razin Razin? Ni iki kizwi kuri iyi muntu uvuguruzanya kandi utoroshye?
Imyaka Yambere
Stepan Timofeevich Razin yavukiye mu 1630 mumuryango wa Coskack. Nkuko umugani uvuga kuri we, Mama Razin yari umukandara wa crimeatique, nubwo iki kintu kitemewe. Umurwa mukuru wa se wa Stana, yari Vorunez, kandi impamvu zo kwimukira kuri Don, kimwe n'abandi bahinzi benshi, bari inzara n'ububasha bwo kutagira imbaraga.
Kuba cossack, timofey yabonye inzu nubukungu bwinshi, byabaye umwe mubahagarariye abagwakara. Yitabiriye ubukangurambaga hafi ya gisirikare ashyira gukunda umudendezo n'ubutwari ku bahungu be - Ivan, Steptan na Froul
Umubare w'ivugurura no guhindura kwa Tsar Alexei Mikhaich yahindutse umutwaro utishoboye ku bahinzi n'abakaraba. Mu 1649, "ubutumwa bwa cathedrale" bwashyizweho umukono, bukongereye umwanya wa Erfs. Iyi niyo mpamvu itera kutanyurwa mubantu, ikangura imishitsi yabantu.
Ngaho, abahinzi babaye "bambaye ubusa", ibikambi byubusa nta mutungo. Abahunze bunze ubumwe mu bamugaye, akenshi bamburwa, kandi hagati aho, umubare w'imiturire y'imigabane. Amashyirahamwe manini yabaye Don na Yatsky Cosskys.
Impamvu Zibitekerezo
Mu mateka ya 1652, bimaze kugaragara ko Rinor Rinor wabaye atan, yahoraga akora mu rwego rwo gushyigikira "Golutbi". Tumaze rero mu bugingo bwe, uburakari ku bahagarariye abayobozi, byafatwaga nk'abaturage b'abacakara badafite imbaraga. Ariko, impinduka yari ibyago byo 1665. Murumuna we Ivan yerekeje ingabo muri sosiyete y'Uburusiya-Polonye Yuri Dolgoruky.
Coskack yahisemo kuva ku rugamba kugira ngo yitanze, itarezwe n'abahagarariye ibikanda. Icyakora, intwaga yategetse gufata ivan n'itsinda rye, abibamenyesheje abatoroka, nyuma yicwa. Amaze kubura murumuna we na bagenzi be benshi, Steptan Razin yasobanukiwe ko ashaka kurwana nabatobora akaduruvayo.
Stepan Timofeevich yahisemo cyane gukora urugendo rutari nke mu gisirikare, harimo Moscou. Gufata neza imijyi, Stepa yahamagaye abantu kwinjira muri barishazi. Abantu boroheje, abahinzi batishoboye bamufatanije n'umuyobozi wabo, yizera ijambo ryose.
Umunyamahanga Ya. Kurambura, wabonye imvugo ya Razin muri Astrakhan, yanditse ko Stepa yavuze ibi bikurikira:
"Sinzahatira guhatira imbaraga, kandi ninde ushaka kubana nanjye - uzaba cossack yubusa! Naje gukubita abahungu gusa nabanyacyubahiro bakire, hamwe nabakene kandi byoroshye, nkumuvandimwe, mwese! ".
Imbaraga Stan Razin
Kandi mubyukuri byari bimeze. Ariko niyihe ibanga ryo gutsinda umugozi wimvura? Imico ye yavunitse yasibwe kandi inshobal, ifasha mubikorwa bya gisirikare. Byongeye kandi, Razin afite impano ya diplomasi, yamufashaga gukemura ndetse n'imishyikirano itoroshye kumutwe. Yashoboye guhuza abantu bato bo mu karere ka Volga, yashyigikiwe n'inyeshyamba.
Icyiciro cyingenzi cyo kwitegura kwitegura kwigomeka nicyo cyiswe "gutembera inyuma ya Zipunov", aho abashyigikiye Razin babonye inkunga kandi bakigaragaza amato y'amato yafashwe, bashoboye Gutegura ingamba zo ibindi bikorwa. Guteza imbere no kuba amayeri mu buryo butari bunini bwafashije Stepan bushimangira imitwe yabo. Ariko, itandukaniro ntirigeze riranga gusa.
Mu ibaruwa itazwi mu bwato "Orel", yari ihagaze hafi ya Astrakhan, yari izwiho:
"Umugabo ni ubugome kandi ikinyabupfura, cyane cyane umunezero mwinshi: Icyo gihe umunezero mwinshi usanga mubabazwa n'abayoborwa n'abayoborwa bategeka ko batera amaboko ku mutwe, kuzuza igifu cy'umucanga hanyuma bakabajugunya mu ruzi."Birakwiye ko tuvuga ku gice kizwi cyasobanuwe mu ndirimbo "kubera icyo kirwa kuri Strazhen", byabereye munsi ya Astrakhan. Ubugome bwa Stepan Razin avuga ko abantu b'Abaperesi na Irani, babitswe muri iki gihe.
Imyiteguro yo gutembera
Imiterere itavugwaho rumwe kandi wubugome ya Razin ntabwo yarushijeho kwivanga, shaka amakuru menshi kandi menshi. Ntabwo abantu bakandamizwa gusa nabatiriwe batinginze bageze kuri Ataman uzwi.Abakorerabushake mu mpande za Razin akenshi babaye abantu, abanyabukorikori, abacuruzi. Ingabo za Cossack zari abakozi benshi ba bariyere batishimiye gutandukanya ivugurura ry'urusengero NIKON. Abashyigikiye Razin n'abaturage batandukanye bo mu karere ka Volga - Mordva, Tatars, Chuvashi, Mari.
Mu mwaka gusa, ingabo za Razin zabonye imbaraga nyinshi. Kandi niba ubanza muri "gutembera inyuma ya Ziponov" wagon yagiye hamwe na cossacks magana atandatu, byibuze abantu ibihumbi 20 bari bagizwe na bamugaye.
Mu 1670, Razin yamaze gutegura ingabo ze mu bukangurambaga bw'ingenzi - i Moscou. Yatangije nkana ibihuha, nk'aho mu nkambi ye, Alexey Alekseevich Alexey, umurambikire yemewe ku ntebe y'ubwami, watangajwe ko yapfuye. Mubyukuri, Tsarevich umusore yapfuye arwaye indwara, ariko ntiyigeze abuza ababeshya gukoresha izina rye.
Kabiri gufata astrakhan
Razin yongeye gutera imbere yerekeza ku ngimburuya, ariko noneho imigi myinshi yaramuremye nta rugamba. Gushiraho kwa Tsarisyn, Russoletsie, uyobowe na Ataman we w'intwari, yerekeza i Asttrakhan. Hararyo, udashaka guha igihome kubavugurura, yasubiwemo urukuta rwumujyi. Inyeshyamba zateguye ubwicanyi ,komeje kandi nyuma yo kwita kuri Razin ukomoka muri Astrakhan. Kugaragara kwe kwa kabiri muri uyu mujyi ntibyahindutse amaraso make kurenza ibyambere.
Muri icyo gihe, David Butare, wari ushikamye muri icyo gihe, yibukije umujyi gufata nabi:
"9 Gufata urudomo mu ruhande rw'umunyamabanga wa Alexey Alekseevich n'umuhoroho hamwe na mwene Giliyani Khan ku giti, bapfuye nyuma y'iminsi mike. Nyuma y'ibyo ku rukuta rwa Kremlin, amanika hejuru y'amaguru y'abahungu babiri ba guverineri ... Bukeye wasangaga, wavaga mu munara, maze umusaza yajugunywe mu minsi mike. . "
Guhangana kw'ahantu
Icyakora, nubwo Razin yatsinze, umwami yamenye ko uyu muntu n'abateguye ngo bamuva inyuma ndetse no ku rupfu rwabaye. Imbaraga nyinshi zingabo zumwami zajugunywe muguhagarika imyigaragambyo. Guhagarika "inyeshyamba n'abijura", Alexey Mikhaiavich yohereje voevod y. dolgokov, V. Shrichebatova na Y. Baryatinsky, bari bategereje buntovshchikov munsi ya Arzamas.
Yuri Baryatinsky yatangiye kwimukira yerekeza Kazen, gushaka kudaha amahirwe yo kujya ingabo razin gukomeza. Nubwo yagerageje cyane gucamo ibice bihano, amatongo yananiwe kugera kuntego zabo. Noneho barafashwe.
Steptan ubwe yarwanye ubutwari nta nkomyi ibikomere nububabare. Mu ntambara ziyobowe na Symbirsky, yakomeretse bikomeye. Nubwo umutwe utandukanijwe hamwe no kubura imitekerereze, Razin yakomeje kurwana. Icyakora, noneho imeri, yakundaga cyane Atan, yahindutse intwaro z'umukunzi we.
Yuri Baryatinsky Amaye yafashe inyeshyamba zari muri coute ya kure. Yategetse ko hato gato kwambuka inkombe zinyuranye na Sviyagi no gusakuza cyane aho ngaho. Guhitamo ko ibi byahagurukiye gushimangira ingabo za tsaris, Steen Razin yahise ajya kuri Don, aho yateganyaga gufata ibimuga mashya kugira ngo afashe abakunzi ba.
Gutsindwa Inyeshyamba
Kureka abo musangirangewe muri Symbirsk, Razin kandi ntigishobora, ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ibyokurya no kurenga. Hatariho Ataman na Ataman, inssurer, ingabo za cospack-mu matungo yaje gucika intege no gutangazwa. Yuri Baaryotinsky yakomeje kwigomeka, asenywa munsi ya Arzama, kandi kandi yarenze kurenga cyane kugira ngo agororoke.
Umwe mu banyamahanga yanditse mu gitabo cye:
"Biteye ubwoba kureba Arzamas: Inkambi ye yasaga n'umuriro utunganye: Ahantu hose bahagaze imiti bamanika ku mirambo hafi 40 na 50; Hariho imitwe yatatanye kandi anywa amaraso mashya; Imigabane yazimye, aho abagizi ba nabi babaye kandi bakunze kubaho iminsi itatu, bafite imibabaro itarondoreka. Mu gukomeza amezi atatu, abantu ibihumbi 11 baricwa. "
Imvura ya firime
Ariko se stepan ni iki? Hagati aho, Razin yagerageje kwinjiza inkunga ya Don ComSpack. Dore abahagarariye domaine gusa yibikangwe ntibashakaga ko abanyamaniro b'umwami bahindukirira don.
Ndetse no mu butaka se, Korniliy Yakovlev, yabanje gushyigikira atan, ntiyashakaga gukomera ku bihugu bye. Benshi mu bahoze ari abambere bangaga imvura. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, nyuma y'amezi atandatu, Razin na bagenzi be babaga mu mujyi wa Kagalnitskian.
Nubwo ituje ryo hanze, ibiseke bya Don byari bihagaritse. Cosshacks yamenye ko itandukaniro riri hafi yabo byaba arimpamvu yo kugaragara kw'ingabo z'umwami, kandi ni bwo bwoba bwabo nyamukuru. Ku ya 14 Mata 1671, umuvuduko muto w'ibikorikori yaho byateye Kagasnik, nyuma y'umujyi watwitswe.
Hafi ya bose ba Comgrade barishwe, ninzu yari afite amezi make, yaka. Kubera ko kurwanya cyane ntabwo byafashije atan mu guhangana. Steptan Razin yafashwe n'ibimera byayo, maze murumuna we Frol afatwa vuba.
Casser Ataman
Abantu barenga magana abiri bajyanywe muri Moscou. Frol ararira aregwa ibibazo musaza we, Stepa ntabwo yemeye ati: "Nta kibazo! Tuzashushanya scratch; Banki benshi bazajya kudusanganira. " Amabati yo gufatwa umuyobozi wa Buntovshchikov na murumuna we bakira "imbabazi nyinshi" zifite imigati ya feza 3.000 nini na vino, ibiro 150 by'imbunda.
Muri gereza, Razin yakorewe iyicarubozo kuva kera, ariko no mu gihe cy'iyicarubozo yerekanye ubutwari no kuramba. Umudipolomate Yakobo Riettffels yanditse kuri Razin:
"Umubiri we wari umaze gukembuka, niko gukubita ikiboko byarasenyutse, kandi nyamara ntiyirengagije, ariko ntiyavuza induru, ariko ntiyatakambiye murumuna we, watandukanijwe n'ububabare kandi bidakomeye , mu buryo buke kandi bubi. "
Nubwo abantu bose bababaye, kubabazwa n'inzangano byari bifite imbaraga n'abayobozi ba leta, yagumye adashoboka ko yishyuha. Nka ba biografiri bavuga, yasaga inshuro nyinshi murumuna we ko urubanza batangiye nabo ko bazadutera iherezo - nubwo byagenze cyane. Nta gushidikanya ko setedan, bitandukanye n'ubukonje, azi neza akaga k'umwanya we no mu gihe cyo gutsinda.
Ku ya 6 Kamena 1671, iyicwa rya Steptan Razin yabereye kuri kare. Ibyabaye kumunsi byasobanuwe muburyo burambuye mu ibaruwa yumwongereza Thomas Hebdon:
Ati: "Iyi ndwara yakomeje ubwoko bwe burakaye igihe cyose kandi nkuko byagaragaye, ntibyatinye gupfa na gato ... bamwe muri twe twarakariye amaraso. Ubwa mbere yaciye amaboko, amaguru ye, amaherezo, umutwe. Ibi bice bitanu byumubiri byateye imigabane itanu. Kuvura byajugunywe nimugoroba. "Igihe umugani uvuga ngo, igihe cyo kwicwa ubwayo, igihe Stepa yari afite amaboko, murumuna we, ntiyashoboraga kubibona, ati: "Nzi ijambo n'igikorwa cya Leta!". Mbega umurongo mu gusubiza uti: "Guceceka, imbwa!", Nkuko byahindutse amagambo ye ya nyuma.
Nubwo imigabane ituruka ku bice by'umubiri wa Stedan Razin byari bikiri i Moscou, uyu mugabo yakomeje gucira ubwoba. Ndetse na nyuma y'urupfu rwe, yagumye akomeye kandi ateye ubwoba abategetsi. Kwigomeka kwe kwari impanuka kubera ubwato n'urwego ruto rw'umuryango, kubura intego zihariye no kudatandukana kw'ibikorwa by'inyeshyamba.
Nubwo bimeze, igice na we gikomeje gutandukanya ibitekerezo byabantu. Muri yo, ubugome budashoboka, abanyacyubahiro nyabyo, ibitekerezo byinshi hamwe nimpamvu zibeshya zoroheje byari bimenyereye. Ariko ikintu cyingenzi - yari umwizerwa rwose kuri uru rubanza, ibitekerezo bye, kwanga ko atapfa.