Umwaka ushize, twatangiye gutanga ibikoresho bijyanye na politiki ya demokarasi mu bihugu bitandukanye. Umwandiko wa mbere wuruhererekane wiyemeje kubushakashatsi buzwi cyane mu Bushinwa "Umuryango umwe - umwana umwe".
Ibikoresho bya kabiri byasesenguye iterambere rya Zigzag rya Politiki y'umuryango muri Irani. Uyu munsi turimo tuvuga uburyo uburenganzira bw'imyororokere bw'abaturage bwari buke mu Buhinde - abaturage ba kabiri ku isi.
Kuba Ubuhinde hari ukuntu ari ngombwa kubuza imikurire y'abaturage, abanyapolitiki bavuze inyuma muri 1920. Ubukene, kubura amikoro no kubura gahunda y'ubuzima bwateye imbere kandi ihendutse, byatumye iyi leta ari iyambere mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere byafashe icyemezo cya politiki y'imyororokere mu 1952 (nubwo umubare wa politiki uzwi ku Buhinde Matma Gandhi Buri gihe yakinaga amabwiriza ya leta uburenganzira bw'imyororokere, ariko yiciwe mu 1948).
Imwe mu itangazo ry'iyi nkuru ya politiki ni ryo jambo buri muryango ubwaryo ufite uburenganzira bwo guhitamo abana bangahe bizaba muri yo. Nuburyo bwo kuringaniza imbyaro, uburyo bwa kalendari bwari busabwa rwihishwa (ibyo, nkuko tubizi, nkuko tubizi neza, ariko nta mafaranga yari afite muburyo).
Nyuma yimyaka 20, abambuzi barebiye bagiye kwimuka. Igihugu cyatangiye guhabwa amafaranga yo gushyiraho politiki y'imyororokere ya "abafatanyabikorwa b'abanyamahanga" - ingaruka za Ford Foundation zari uruhare rwihariye.
Mu 1976, Minisitiri w'intebe w'Ubuhinde, Indira Gandhi, yavuze ko Leta igomba kugabanya igipimo cy'amavuko muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose - kandi ko gutabara igihugu bishobora kugabanya abantu mu burenganzira bwabo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abagabo miliyoni 6.5 b'Abahinde bakorewe vasectomy.
Tekereza gusa: nijoro, bavuna mu nzu nijoro, bagorekanye ubwoba kandi batwara mu cyerekezo kidasobanutse mu kigo gikora gifite ibikoresho bibi.
Dukurikije verisiyo yemewe, Vasectomy igomba gukorerwa abagabo gusa gusa babaye ba se byibuze abana babiri, ariko mubyukuri, iyi myitozo yo kwivuza yakoreshejwe kubasore badafite ibibazo bifitanye isano na politiki. Iyi gahunda yahatiwe vasectomy yahatiye abaturage benshi kureka gutera inkunga amasomo ya politiki ya Gandhi. Umunyapolitiki yafashe icyemezo cyo ko igihe kirageze ngo tumenye abagore kugena imikurire y'abaturage.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, abagore benshi barafashwe: mu kuboko kumwe, leta ibabaye hamwe na gahunda yayo yo gutoteza, kugira ngo bahagarike umuvuduko w'umuryango, bakeneye kugira icyo babyara Umwana. Abana b'abakobwa, akenshi bibaho mumiryango gakondo, ntibasuzumwe cyane kubantu.Mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 70, umubare munini w'amavuriro ategura mu Buhinde - abagore bashoboraga kubona hano abishaka guhagarika inda, kimwe n'abagore bose bafite ubushake bwo gusinza cyangwa gushyiramo inzitizi. Byongeye kandi, abagore bamenyeshejwe nabi ingaruka, banze kuvana ku kaga, niba kubera ko yatishimiye cyane umugore - amaherezo yagerageje gukuramo ko benshi bakuramo inzitizi mu buryo bukwiye kandi yakoresheje ibintu byinshi byangiza ubuzima bwabo.
Ibyapa byatangiye kugaragara mu mihanda: "Umuryango wishimye ni umuryango muto."
Intego za Politiki y'imyororokere zashyizweho mu gihe cy'imyaka itanu yo mu 1985-1990 zari zimeze nk'abagore miliyoni 31 kandi bashyiraho inzitizi mu kindi miliyoni 25.
Izi nzira zabaye, reka tuvuge mu buryo bubi kandi buteganijwe: Abagore ntibakuye mu rugo nijoro ntibajyanwa mu bikorwa, ariko bakunze kuri ubwo buryo, batanga igitutu ku muryango - babonye indishyi z'umuryango - babonye indishyi z'umuryango - babonye igitutu ku kurenga kuri sterilisation.
Kuri ubwo bukangurambaga bunini bw'igihugu mu gihugu, ingando zidasanzwe zo kunyomoza, zatangijwe, aho Antisanitarian yategetse (kandi arabujijwe muri 2016).
Akenshi, abagore bakusanyirijwe mu mazu y'iteraniro mu mashuri, bahatiwe kujya hasi, hanyuma abagore ba muganga baza muri salle bamarana sterile.
Sarita Barpanda, umurwanashyaka w'umuryango umwe uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, yongeraho ko abagore bamwe b'abagore batigeze bafite ndetse n'ibikoresho bidasanzwe byo kunyereza kandi bahatiwe gukoresha igifungo cy'amagare kugira ngo akore ikiguzi (kandi undi muntu atekereza ko ari mu ijuru, kandi atari ku isi). Mu makuru yakunze kwimurwa ku rupfu rw'abagore nyuma yo gutanga uburiganya mu bihe bidasunze - ikibazo cy'abagore 15 mu majyaruguru ya Chathattisharcha babaye ikimenyetso.
Mu 1991, umuyobozi wa Dipa Dunray yasohoye documentaire yerekeye kuzamura abagore mu Buhinde bwitwa "Birasa n'intambara." Reba biragoye cyane: kuri frame zimwe tubona uburyo abagore bagwa mubikorwa byinzu yabantu benshi, kandi aho kuba imitingi, umuntu uherekeza, umuntu uherekeje abaha umwanya uteye ubwoba wo kuruma ukuboko kwabo. No ku madamu akurikira, abaganga b'abagore bashishikarije ko yamaze iminota 45 ku bikorwa bya mbere mu buzima bwe, none abikora mu masegonda 45.
Intwari ya Filime, yabajijwe na Darray, vuga ku buryo ubuzima bwabo bwahindutse nyuma yo kuza mu mihango imaze kuba igira iti: "Iyo tumaze igihe kinini - tubona imbaraga zidasanzwe - imbaraga zo kubyara umwana. Nta bagabo b'iyo mbaraga. Kubwibyo, bazanye ibyo bibujijwe byose: Ntugakore mugihe cyimihango, ntukore ku kintu runaka, ntugeze mu gikoni. "
Undi ntwari wabuze abana bane mu buzima agira ati: "Abana ni umutungo dufite w'ingenzi, nta bundi butunzi dufite." Umuntu wese uba mu bukene ntashobora kumenya neza ko abana babo bazabaho igihe abantu bakuru - kuko ubuvuzi bukunze kubura amafaranga. Kubwibyo, abagore bashaka kongera kubyara inshuro nyinshi, bafite ibyiringiro ko byibuze umuntu uturuka kubana agenda kandi ashobora kubafasha.
Uyu munsi, politiki y'imyororokere mu Buhinde iratandukanye cyane mu turere dutandukanye. Ibihugu bimwe byu Buhinde byemeraga kubuzwa no kwemerera imiryango kugirana abana babiri gusa (akenshi biganisha ku gukuramo inda, niba abashakanye bamenye ko umukobwa ategereje), kandi abafite abana barenga babiri ntibaremewe gukorera hamwe.
Ntabwo yakoresheje ingamba zishingiye ku bantu ku butegetsi bw'abaturage, mu Buhinde rwose yashoboye kugera ku kugabanuka mu mibare: Niba muri 1966, buri mugore yabyaye abana 5.7, hanyuma muri 2009 iyi mibare yaguye kuri 2.7 (nubwo ibipimo bigera kuri 2.2 (nubwo bivugwa Itandukaniro ryinshi kuva leta kuri leta). Intego ya 2025 ni ukuzana igipimo cyiburumbumba kugeza 2.1. Ni ikihe giciro? Igitsina gore gikomeje gukomeza uburyo busanzwe bwo kuringaniza imbyaro mu gihugu.
Nk'uko umuryango utegura ubuzima mpuzamahanga, ikibazo gikomeye muri politiki yo mu Buhinde ni ukubura amashuri adahagije (25% gusa by'abaturage gusa bigeze basura amasomo nkaya).
Iyo bahamagaye kuboneza urubyaro, abagore n'abagabo bahita batatanga uburyo buhoraho bwo kuringaniza imbyaro. Ntamuntu ubasobanura ko mwisi ya none hariho ubwoko butandukanye bwuburinzi buri buryo buri buryo bufite ibyiza nibibi. Nkigisubizo, biragaragara ko imiryango ikiri muto ihatirwa guhitamo uwabashakanye azoherezwa kuri sterilisation cyangwa vasectomy. Ariko icyarimwe, Vasectomy irasuzuguritse mugihugu nyuma yamasomo ya politiki Indira Gandhi kandi abagabo benshi banze ubu buryo, kuko bizera ko bazatakaza ubugabo bwabo.
Kubwibyo, abagore bakunze koherezwa mubikorwa. Kandi, nyamara, imitunganyirize mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga abona urumuri kumpera yumurongo: kubera ikwirakwizwa ryikoranabuhanga rya digitale, habaye amahirwe akwirakwizwa nuburyo butandukanye bwo kuringaniza imbyaro buzakomeza kwimurirwa kubaturage, ndetse no mubice bikennye bya igihugu.
Bikozwe mu Buhinde: Igituba cy'ubucuruzi surrogate Ubucuruzi no kubuza
Indi ngingo ibabaza mu mateka ya politiki y'imyororokere yo mu Buhinde yari sumpate dedrogate ubucuruzi, igihe kirekire ntigitungwe n'amategeko. By'umwihariko ubukerarugendo buzwi muri iki gihugu bwabaye mu bashakanye 2000 ku bashakanye batagira abana baturutse muri Amerika ya Ruguru n'U Burayi bwiburengerazuba.
Uburyo ubwabwo bwarihendutse cyane kuruta mubindi bihugu, kandi ibigo byidiyambo byu Buhinde byatangiye kugaragara nkibihumyo. Akenshi, abayobozi bashutswe n'abakiriya babo bo mu bunararibonye, bavuga ko umubyeyi utajeganwa azahabwa "akazi" kabo gakomeye, kandi mubyukuri, kubikoresho byumwana, yishyuwe ibitego ibihumbi bibiri gusa. Ibisobanuro nkibi birambuye muri documentaire "byakozwe mubuhinde" Rebecca Himovitz na Vaisali singh.
Imiryango myinshi iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu yashishikajega ibibazo byo kubyara kubyara mu Buhinde: imanza zari zizwi igihe ababyeyi bahagaritse igihe batwite, kuko batahabwa ubuvuzi bukwiye. Mu makuru, kimwe kandi hagaragaye imirima yerekeranye n'imirima yo surrogate - amavuriro y'imyororokere, yari afunzwe na ba nyina basunze imbere mu nyubako igihe cyose cyo gutwita kugeza igihe cyose cyo kubyara kugeza igihe cyose. Ibibazo byemewe n'amategeko hamwe no kohereza ibicuruzwa no kohereza kandi bidasanzwe.
Kunegura mu mahanga no mu gihugu byiyongereye, kandi kubera ibisubizo muri 2015, Ababyeyi ba surgate mu bucuruzi babujijwe rwose n'amategeko. Muri 2016, amategeko yahinduye bike: abashakanye batabyara kuva mu Buhinde, hamwe mumyaka irenga itanu yemereye gukoresha altrusistic sullet tekinoroji ya jetrikeyeti. Nyuma yimyaka mike, ubu buryo bwemerewe gusohoza abagore bonyine bifuza kubyara, ariko ntibashobora kubikora mubitabo byubuvuzi.
Ku bijyanye na jeweod dedrotute rwose, biragoye kuvuga: Ntibishoboka kuvuga neza amahirwe nk'aya mafaranga ya Mama adadetate yashyikirijwe ibahasha. Ariko gukoresha misa y'abagore b'Abahinde nk'imashini z'umusaruro w'abana ku bashakanye batagira abana baturutse mu bihugu byateye imbere baracyahagaze.
Uracyasoma ku ngingo