Mu myaka 40 ishize, ku ya 11 Gashyantare 1981, muri Polonye nta kintu kimeze nk'ibintu bidasanzwe: Minisitiri w'intebe yarahinduwe. Silovik, Minisitiri w'ingabo z'igihugu Woolesh yarzhelsky yabaye umuyobozi mushya w'Inama Njyanama. Imbere y'igihugu yari ategereje kugoreka imbuto zitigeze bibaho, amategeko y'intambara, yibanda mu maboko y'urwego rw'imbaraga z'imbaraga zose mu gihugu ndetse n'imyaka hafi icumi yo kurwanya imbaraga na sosiyete sivile. 42..Tut.by kubyerekeye ibyabaye.
Polonye muri mirongo irindwi: Igihe cya zahabu nimyenda
Imirongo irindwi yabaye igihe kimwe cya zahabu kuri Repubulika y'Abasilande. Isosiyete yumvise imbaraga zayo: imyigaragambyo y'abakozi ku nkombe za baltique, nubwo imbaraga maze ahitamo kwamasaza abantu, yazanywe n'umuyobozi wa CPPU (ku byerekeye umuyobozi wa CPPSo (analogue ya CPPU muri Polonye) VLADISLAV Gomulka. Umwanya we wafashwe na Liberal Herward Hervel.Guverinoma yarekuye buhoro buhoro umuryango, kandi "thaw" kandi umuco watangiye muri Polonye. Angey Waida na Kshyshtof banysy, Daniel Olbrykh na Barbara Brylsk bararashwe, Anna Hermann yaririmbye kandi Anna yarter. Inkomoko ya Warsaw yatonze umurongo ubanza muri Coviet ya Coca-cola, na Polonye muri rusange yakiriwe izina ryerekana amashusho "ya barry irry mu basosiyalisiti". Moscou ntiyigeze aribaza: Mirongo irindwi yari igihe cyo "gusohora" iburengerazuba, n'imbaraga zo kwivanga hamwe na satelite nyuma yo guhagarika umutima "Isoko rya Prague" mu 1968, Brezhnev ntabwo yaharaniye.
Ariko urubanza mu bukungu bwa Polonye ntacyo rutwaye. Ibikoresho by'inganda bumvira, igihugu gikeneye ibikoresho byongera ikoranabuhanga - n'amafaranga y'ibi, ubuyobozi bwa PPP yahisemo gufata iburengerazuba, ntabwo afatanije no guhagarika umutima. Ubukungu bwa PNP bwuzuye amafaranga yinguzanyo: Barize ko bidatinze imyenda yose izashobora gutanga kubera inyungu ziyongera.
Icyakora, imyaka icumi yarangiye, umwenda wageze ku ndangagaciro z'inyenyeri za miliyari 20 z'amadolari, kandi inyungu ntizagaragaraga: kubera ruswa, ibisubizo ku bushake kandi amateur ubukungu bwatsinzwe. Amafaranga yashowe mubukungu nkaho ashonga atazanye iterambere ryifuzwa.
Ntibyari ngombwa kubara ibihugu by'iburengerazuba kwandika inguzanyo: Nabo ubwabo bari bigoye guhangana n'ibibazo bya peteroli. Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti nazo zidashishikajwe no gukiza ubukungu bwa Polonye. Kubera iyo mpamvu, mu mpera za 70, "Igihe cya Zahabu" kiratunguranye kandi gisanzwe kirangiye, muri Polonye cyarangiye, Polonye yari hafi gusenyuka k'ubukungu.
Amabati yari afite ubusa mu maduka, ikintu cyose gishobora koherezwa hanze cyoherejwe hanze, ibiciro byakuze (byari ubuswa rwose hamwe n'ubukungu bwateganijwe). Abakozi bazutse mu myigaragambyo. Kurasa ntarahita, ariko abarwanashyaka barakurikiranwe, barahoho, kandi bagakomeza gukandamirwa mu gice cya kabiri cy'iminota irindwi babaye ibisanzwe. Mu gusubiza, ubwenge bwashyizeho komite ishinzwe kurera uburenganzira bwa muntu cyangwa kor (komitet onrony robotników).
Imyigaragambyo n'ubufatanye
Itariki y'Ikimenyetso yari 1 Nyakanga 1980 - kuri uyu munsi, guverinoma yiyongera cyane. Abakozi ntibibyaye: banza bahagarika imyigaragambyo i Lublin, icyo gihe ikigo cyabo cyimukiye i Gdansk: Ngaho, hifashishijwe Kor, komite ishinzwe gutera inkunga iyobowe n'amashanyarazi mu bwato bwa lech. Umubare w'abahiruka wabazwe ibihumbi n'ibihumbi, mu mateka ibyabaye byashyizwemo nk'ikibuga cya muri Polog Kanama. Iki gihe abanyabwenge n'abakozi bakoze hamwe.
Komite ishinzwe uruhare na Kor hamwe zateye imbere abakozi 21 basaba abategetsi - cyane cyane ubukungu - kugeza ku ntangiriro y'amakarita y'ibiribwa ku nyama. Muri icyo gihe, ubwo bumwe bw'ubucuruzi bwigenga bwasabye, n'uburenganzira bwemewe bwo gukubita, kandi haratanga amakuru yizewe ku mibereho y'ubukungu n'ubukungu by'igihugu, no kugira uruhare mu kiganiro ku ivugurura rikenewe.
Urufunguzo rwo Gufata mu bucuruzi rwigenga ni urufunguzo: Tumaze ku ya 17 Nzeri, Komite zishinzwe imyizerere ya Polonye zatangaje ko ishyirahamwe ryabo - ubumwe bwigenga bw'ubumwe bwigenga "nyuma yaho bwabaye umugani. Inkingi ako kanya "yatoye ibirenge": abantu miliyoni zirindwi (gatanu y'abaturage) yanditswe mu ihuriro rishya ry'abakozi mu mezi abiri), miliyoni z'Abakomuniriza miliyoni (PPP ya gatatu). Lech Valens aba umuyobozi. 10 Ugushyingo, Ihuriro ry'abakozi ryatanze amategeko.
PNP PNP Stormilo. "Uruziga rw'ubwiza, ruyobowe n'imbaraga zabuze vuba, ibikoresho ntibyakemuwe kugira ngo hashyirwe hamwe na beto ya Leta y'akazi, Staliniste".) Igitaramo) nticyashakaga kujya ku byemezo.
Pendulum "Pendulum" muri Kanama-Nzeri yarashwe inshuro nyinshi, kandi kubera uko ibintu byaremwe n'imibiri: mu buyobozi bwa PPP, ku buyobozi bwa PPP bwamenyekanye neza mu bakozi (mbere ya byose, Gushiraho ubumwe bw'ibihugu by'ubucuruzi byigenga, bituma habaho "ubufatanye"), n'undi - Edward Herlek wasimbuye Kanya kuri Stanislav ikomeye. Iya nyuma ntabwo yari iya "beto ya" ishyaka ", agereranya ishusho ahubwo yiteguye gukora no gukubita, na gingerbread. Ariko, byagaragaye neza ko igihe gifatika kizatangira vuba. Atangira.
Ibibazo by'abayobozi byari bikomeye cyane ku buryo bidasobanutse, umwanya wajyana ingabo - ubudahemuka bw'ingabo ntibyari byemewe. Niyo mpamvu muri Kanama muri Kanama, ibiganiro bya mbere byatangiye ku bijyanye no gutangiza ingabo z'Abasoviyeti muri Polonye. Usss ntabwo yashoboraga gutakaza icyogajuru cya USSR: Nta huriro rifite itsinda rikomeye ry'abasirikare b'Abasoviyeti mu Budage, habaye ingaruka zo gutakaza ubutegetsi ku mavuta menshi ". No kohereza amavuta kuri Ubumwe bwari bukomeye muri mirongo irindwi hagati.
Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, gutabara byuzuye kuri Moscou, niba atariyo rwose: igihugu cyari kinini mu ntambara yo muri Afuganisitani, kandi kuri "Imbere" y'ubuyobozi bw'ubumwe bwaho kugenera abandi ntabwo yatwitse. Muri usssr, igisigo kibabaje cyavutse:
Pany na Pani,
Umva Kanya,
Hanyuma vanya izaza
Kandi bizamera muri Afuganisitani ...
Ariko, kwemererwa kwemanya "ubufatanye" no gukura guturika k'umubare wacyo byarashimuwe n'ubuyobozi bw'ishyaka rya bloc ya Soviet na "beto" ya PPP. Intumwa za "guard w'imyaka" ishyaka, umuntu ubucuruzi bwigenga ubumwe, nk'uko igufa mu muhogo, na baguha we mu mashyaka mpeshyi-iperereza amenya uko bibabaza, ariko gutsindwa gito.
Pan Yarazelsky
Mu bihe by'intambara y'ubutita ku bavugurura ndetse n'abayobozi bashinzwe inama ku ya 11 Gashyantare 1981, umuyobozi w'Inama Njyanama ya Minisitiri w'ingabo, icyo gihe yavuye muri Minisitiri w'ingabo z'igihugu ). Ishyirwaho mu ibanga ry'ingenzi ry'amategeko y'umutekano ntiwari ryaramenyeshejwe cyane: Ingabo zikoreshwa muri sosiyete ibyiza kandi ihagarikwa ryose ryibanze kuri PPP. Ibinyuranye, umuntu utari mu "" beto "wasangaga minisitiri wintebe mubi ushobora gukora ubucuruzi.
Ariko, abaturage muri Yarazelsky baribeshye. Nibyo, ntabwo yari afite ibirori bikomeye, kuba ubuzima bwe bwose bujyanye ningabo. Umunyakomo ukomoka kuri Shantehetsky, yimukiye i Lituwaniya yerekeza muri Lituwaniya afite imyaka 16, aho Repubulika yerekeza muri Ussunr ifatanije na Siberiya. Nashyinguye se, yangije Cornea y'ijisho ku mashyamba (byari kuba ibirahuri byijimye), ariko mu gihe cy'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose, ariko mu gihe cy'intambara ya kabiri yashoboye kwinjira mu gipolonye cyakozwe muri USSR. Mu ntambara, Yarazelsky yanyuze hamwe n'ingabo kuri elow ubwayo, hanyuma akomeza umwuga we wa gisirikare.
Nyuma ya mirongo itandatu, Yarzelsky, kuba umunyamabanga wa mbere wo kwinjira ingabo kugira ngo akize umufasha w'ivugurura: Isoko ibihumbi 24 byagize uruhare mu guhagarika "Prague Isoko". Nyuma yimyaka ibiri, abasirikari bo muri Polonye bava mubumenyi bwa Yarazelsky bitabiriye kwihutisha imyigaragambyo yo gukora ku nkombe za baltique - icyo gihe abantu 46 barapfa. Koresha rero imbaraga muri Premiere Nshya, muri rusange, ntabwo ari uwambere. Byongeye kandi, ntibyashobokaga gutandukana hagati ya "ubufatanye" n'abayobozi: icya mbere cyateguwe imyigaragambyo mishya, icya kabiri nyuma y'igice cya mbere cyarabujijwe kandi nticyifuza ko ivugurura. Abasangiye porolow babaye abakene, twibutse ko igihugu kiringaniye ku gihombo cyo guhomba, no mu gice cya mbere cya 1981 kubera ibibazo, amafaranga y'igihugu ya Polonye yaguye kuri 15%.
Ingamba zubukungu Guverinoma yemeye gukemura ikibazo mu bihe bikomeye, ntabwo byari umwimerere cyane: kuba umwimerere wa mbere: Kugira ngo birinde kwihorera, Yarwaseskissky yatanze byinshi mu buryo bw'ibiribwa na lisansi. Abasangiye ubwoba, bivugwa ko bihishe inyuma y'ibisabwa n'ibisabwa mu bisabwa mu guhindura demokarasi, bakavuga ko "imbaraga z'abaturage zidashobora gutangwa, imbaraga z'igihugu cy'abasosiyalisiti, kandi ntizatangwa."
Mu 1981, ubuyobozi bwa PPP bugenda bugenda butera verisiyo ikomeye: ibikorwa by '"ubufatanye" bubabaza abaturage kurushaho, kandi bisaba ivugurura ry'ubukungu kurushaho, kandi isaba ivugurura ry'ubukungu ndetse no ku bijyanye n'ivugurura ry'ubukungu n'imibereho myiza muri Sejm) mu buryo butaziguye yateye ubwoba ko monopole y'abakondo ba Polonye bacunga igihugu.
Muri icyo gihe, nk'uko bimeze, ikibazo cyo gutabara Abanya Soviti nticyahagaze hafi: Kurwanya Politiki ya Mustal, mu maso haraswa ", habaye" indwara irwaye cyane brezhnev na we ntiyigeze yihuta kumenyekanisha ingabo). Nibyo, imiterere rusange, kwangwa igitero byabaye nyuma.
Ku ya Ukuboza, ubufatanye bwateguye imyigaragambyo nini ku isabukuru y'icyubahiro cy'abigaragambyaga mu 1970. Kandi hano yarzelsky, wibanze ku gihe imbaraga zose mu gihugu (ku ya 18 Ukwakira, yasimbuye Kanya ku mwanya w'umunyamabanga wa mbere wa PPP). Ku ya 12 Ukuboza, amajwi yose (abayobozi b'uturere) abapolisi bahawe amabahasha abitswe muri Werurwe - ni ukuvuga, shyirayo ukwezi kumwe nyuma yo gushyiraho Minisitiri w'intebe.
Mubahasha yarimo amabwiriza: Gufata uburyo bwose bwo gutumanaho, radiyo, televiziyo, gutabaza abarwanashyaka bose "ubufatanye", buzashobora kugeraho. Muri gereza byagaragaye ko ari Valens, ibyinshi mu mfashanyigisho z'ubumwe bw'abakozi, kandi kubera impamvu runaka, uwahoze ari umunyamabanga wa mbere w'ingurube Edward Arhy Arhid. Guverinoma yashoje imbibi, yabujijwe imiryango yose ya Leta, ikibazo cyitangazamakuru ryose.
Intangiriro yibibazo bya polisi byahindutse imikorere minini mu kinyejana cya 20: Abantu ibihumbi 10 gusa ni bo barimo abakozi ba Zomo (noneho bo muri Polonye Polisi). N'abasirikare 250 ku mageni ibihumbi n'ibihumbi n'ibihumbi by'abavoka. Byari icyarimwe abantu bagera ku bihumbi bitanu, bidatinze byongerewe kuri bo byinshi.
Ati: "Imiterere y'abakozi n'abahinzi" byateje abakora abakozi n'abahinzi, babamenyesheje kuringaniza - impinduramatwara. Imbaraga muri iki gihugu cyimukiye mu nama ya gisirikare yatabara (wojskowa Rada ocaleia narodowego, wron). Mu mvugo ikurikira, Yarazelsky yagize ati: "Ndashinja izi mbaraga zo guhangana no guhangana n'abayobozi, mu gukwirakwiza urwango, mu gukwirakwiza urwango, mu gihe cyo guhonyora amategeko, mu gusenya ubukungu. , nuko izo ngabo zateye ubwoba ubumwe n'umutekano wigihugu. Nashinje aba bantu mugukoresha nabi icyizere cya miriyoni z'abanyangamugayo zagize uruhare mu kugenza.
Nyuma yaho, wojcih, Yarazelsky yashimangiye ko yavuze ko yategetse amategeko yo mu mitwe gusa agamije gukumira igitero cy'ingabo z'ibihugu bya Burviet. Uyu munsi, biratangaje: Nyuma yimyaka mirongo, nta gimenyetso kiziguye cyo gutegura ibyinjizwa ryingabo ntibyashoboka - biragaragara ko amategeko agenga yateguwe mbere.
Kurwanya abantu bashoboye guhagarika ako kanya. Gdansk, Gdansk, Gdansk, Gdansk, Gdansk, abigiranyebitsa nindi mijyi. Mubisanzwe, ingabo na zoo bakoze gutya: irembo ryurugo rutoboye ikigega, nyuma yuko abashinzwe umutekano binjira imbere, basunika uruganda. Mugihe cyo kurwanya, haba mubyanjye byanjye muri Silesiya, Zomo yafunguye umuriro kuva imbunda zimashini - abantu icyenda barapfuye. Muri Gdansk, imyigaragambyo yatatanye bikomeye - ibindi bitambo bitatu.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, mu mpera z'umwaka, abaturage bahuje ibiciro bashoboye guhagarika. Hatabayeho ubuyobozi bushingiye ku buyobozi, amamiriyoni y'abashyigikiye amamiriyoni basize 'ubufatanye "budashobora gutuma ibirwanya neza. Ikarita ya Yarozelsky yakinnye kandi igihe runaka yongereye kubaho k'amakoko y'Abakomunikazi.
Inkingi zamaganye uko bashoboye. Umugabane w'ubufatanye, igitero cy'Ubutaliyani ku kazi, udupapuro hamwe na post, anti-guverinoma graffiti. Umva Wron ahinnye ameze nk'ijambo wrona (igikona), kandi ku rukuta akenshi wasanga inyandiko "Eagle Vororo." Itumba ryacu ". Gufunga Graffiti yohereje amatsinda yihariye.
Rero, "Shrimp" Rero Polonye, Yarazelsky kandi ibibakikije ntibyashobokaga "guceceka" ubukungu. Muri Gashyantare 1982, igiciro cy'ibiribwa cyayongereyeho 241 ku ijana, ku ya 171 ku ijana - ku mashanyarazi n'ubushyuhe. Ibigo byashinzwe ibigo bya gisirikare "gushimangira indero n'imirimo y'umurimo" - uko byafashaga, biragoye guca imanza.
Ibihugu bya gisirikare byakomeje kugeza ku ya 22 Nyakanga 1983, byari bikwiye ubuzima burenga ijana kandi ntibyakemuye ikibazo icyo aricyo cyose. Ubufatanye bwatsinzwe mu rwego rw'amategeko byakomeje gukora mu nsi, icyizere abaturage muri PPP cyaguye kuri zeru, kandi ubukungu ntibufasha ubukungu bwa Wohciech idasanzwe. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, PNR yamaze imyaka mike - hafi kugeza ku mpera z'imyaka icumi irangiye. Yazarelky ubwe yaje guha imbaraga Lehu Valense no kubaho kugeza 2014. Tut.by.