Hano hari imiti ifatika mu bukungu bwo kubyara, igihe muri Ore, ibikubiyemo bigera kuri 10-20%, kandi hari abacukuwe mu mabuye n'ibikubiye muri iyi byuma mu bihumbi by'ijana. Ibyuma bimwe byatwaye amafaranga 15 kuri kilo, mugihe abandi bagereranya amafaranga arenga 10,000 kuri garama. Kuki imiti imwe n'imwe ishimwa cyane?
Umuseke utarangiza umuco w'abantu, ibyuma byahawe agaciro ko intwaro cyangwa ibikoresho bishobora kuba bikozwe muri byo, kandi ibyuma by'agaciro byashimiwe gusa nk'ikigo cyo kwishyura kuri bose. Hari igihe ifeza yari ifeza ihenze, kandi byabaye ko alumunum yari afite agaciro kuruta zahabu.
Ariko kuva muri XIX, hamwe niterambere ryaba siyanse n'ikoranabuhanga, agaciro k'ibyuma byatewe cyane na "akamaro kabo kato kabyo: batangiye gushima ubwiza no korohereza gutunganya, igice cyingenzi cyigiciro cyagaragaye kuba bakeneye inganda.
Ahari dushobora kuvuga ko amatungo yose yabaye afite agaciro? Ibyuma bimwe, gukuramo bigorana cyane kandi bitwara igihe, byatangiye gukoreshwa mu misaruro rusange, byatumye ibyo bisabwa, na byo, byongera igiciro cyabo.
Kurugero, katali ya gaze yuzuye, irimo platinum na palladium, ni iya buri modoka yo mu madirishya yo mu matorero yo mu matorero yakozwe mu matorero yo mu bupa bwapani cyangwa mu Burayi bw'i Burengerazuba. Kandi ikiguzi cya buri musemburo nkicyo ni amafaranga ibihumbi icumi, kandi buri mwaka amamiriyoni menshi yimodoka zitanga buri mwaka kwisi.
Ibintu bidasanzwe - Sicape, Scandium, Lanhanis n'ibyuma by'itsinda rya Lantanoids ni ngombwa muri elegitoroniki, igisirikare, kirimbuzi n'ikoranabuhanga. Bihuze nabo kubona imbaraga nyinshi, zoroshye no kurwanya amahano.
Cerium, Lantan na Neodymium bakoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, nkibinini.
Lutetia ikoreshwa mubyerekanwa.
Tulia - mu bikoresho bya X-ray.
Kuri lasers, Erbium, terium, terium, Uburayi burakenewe. Mu ikoranabuhanga rya Laser no gukora magnets zikomeye zikoreshwa mu mashanyarazi, amashanyarazi y'ibimera by'umuyaga, Gadiminium, Samariya, Neodymium na Praseodym bakoreshwa mu ikoranaburo rya roketi.
Mu gukora fosifori - Uburayi na Terigium.
Criums ikoreshwa nkumusemburo mubikorwa bya katailtike mubigo bitunganya amavuta.
Lantan arakenewe mumusaruro wa batteri hamwe namavuta ya catalytic yamavuta, kimwe no gukora ikirahure hamwe nigipimo kinini cyoroshye.
Scandium - mu gukora ibintu bitandukanye bya Aerospace.
Yttrium - mubikoresho byubuyobozi mu nganda zumuyaga no kubushyuhe bukabije.
Ibyuma 10 bihenze:
- Ahantu hamwe ni ifeza. Ikoreshwa mu mitako, nk'umugurisha cyane cyane (indege, gufata amajwi, kwerekana ibikoresho bya elegisique), ku ifoto, kugira ngo ugize indorerwamo z'ubuziranenge cyane, mu musaruro wa bateri. Igiciro cyacyo ni amafaranga 50 kuri Gram.
- Ahantu heza ni Scandium. Igiciro cyacyo ni amadolari 3-4 kuri garama.
- Ahantu ha munani ni rhenium. Igiciro cyacyo ni amadorari 5 kuri garama.
- Mu mwanya wa karindwi ni ruthenium. Igiciro cyacyo ni amadorari 7-8 kuri garama.
- Ku mwanya wa gatandatu ni OSMAY. Igiciro cyacyo ni amadorari 12-17 kuri garama.
- Platinum iri ku mwanya wa gatanu. Igiciro cyacyo ni amadorari 28-30 kuri garama.
- Mu mwanya wa kane ni Iridium. Igiciro cyacyo ni 47-50 amadorari kuri garama.
- Icya gatatu ni zahabu. Igiciro cyacyo ni amadorari 45-50 kuri garama.
- Mu mwanya wa kabiri ni Palladium. Igiciro cyacyo ni $ 60 kuri garama.
- Icyuma gihenze cyane - Rhodium, igiciro cyacyo ni $ 190 kuri garama. Ikoreshwa mumiti mirami, kugirango ukore indorerwamo n'amatara, kimwe no mumitako. Mu mwaka, ubucukuzi bwa Rhodium ni toni 30.
Guhera mu gice cya kabiri cy'ikinyejana cya 20, imbaga yabonye synthesionals ibihangano biturutse ku myitwarire ya kirimbuzi mu bavugizi ba Atome batangiye gukoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga rigezweho. Muri iki gihe cyacu, imikoreshereze yabo ahora yiyongera, ariko ni ihenze cyane, ihenze cyane kuruta ibintu bidasanzwe. Kungurana imigabane yamashanyarazi ntabwo bacuruza, kubinyuranye - ubucuruzi muri ibyo byuma biremewe gusa kurwego rwimiti no kugenzura iaa.
Osmium-187. Igiciro cya garama imwe ni 200.000. Ikoreshwa nkumusemburo kubitekerezo bya shimi, mubuvuzi no mu gukora ibikoresho byo gupima neza. Hafi ya garama 8 irahambiriye ku mwaka; Igihugu cyonyine kirimo gucukurwa ni Qazaqistan.
Californiya-252. Igiciro cya garama imwe ni miliyoni 10 z'amadolari. Amafaranga yo gucukura ngarukamwaka ni microgramu 30-40. Ikoreshwa mu buvuzi ku buvuzi bw'imiziri kuri oncologiya, kimwe no kumenya inenge imbere y'ibikoresho mu bavugizi ba Atome no mu ndege.
Muri icyo gihe, gukenera isi idasanzwe kuva umwaka wumwaka irakura gusa, yongera igiciro cyabo. Vuba aha, palladium yahagaritse bihendutse kuruta zahabu, ariko mu myaka 20 ishize arahaguruka inshuro nyinshi.
Noneho, niba ufite ikibazo aho washyize amafaranga yubusa imyaka itari mike - birashoboka ko ugomba kugura kilo-indi palladium cyangwa platine. Cyangwa kugura neodymium - mu myaka 10 ishize ikoreshwa inshuro 12, kandi igiciro cyacyo cyatangiye gukura hamwe nayo.
Umwanditsi - Igor Vadimov
Isoko - Sprangzhizni.ru.