Yoo, ntabwo ari rusange uru rubanza - kurwanya amahoro kwisi yose. Abajenerali bakira urwego rwabo no ku mazina yo gutsinda mu rwego rwa gisirikare. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, Jenerali w'ingabo za Amerika Jenerali George Marshall (1880-1959) yabaye umwaka mushya w'igihembo cya mbere cy'itiriwe Nobel yo mu isi 1953, igisirikare cya mbere kandi cy'umwuga, cyahawe igihembo nk'iki.
Ariko ibintu byambere mbere. Umusore George Marshall ntiyashakaga gufasha Se mubucuruzi bwumuryango bwateye imbere - Ubucuruzi bwinyamanswa - yinjira mu kigo cya gisirikare cya Bigi. Nyuma yibyo, imyitozo mu ishuri ry'abanyamaguru no mu mafarasi no muri kaminuza y'abakozi.
Uruhare mu bukangurambaga bwo muri Filipine no mu ntambara ya mbere y'isi yose, imyaka itatu y'umunsi umwe mu rwego rw'umugani w'uko abantu bamenetse, bangana n'imyaka 45, yagiye ku kazi, kwizera neza ko igice gikora cyumwuga we cyarangiye. Imyaka 12 yakazi mu ishuri ry'abagwa mu gisirikare mu ntebe y'ingabo (Jeworujiya) yashimangiye izina rye nk'abanyamwuga, ndetse n'umuntu ufite ubushake bukomeye no kwifata.
Ntibitangaje kubona bavuga ko mukora umurimo wambere wicyubahiro, hanyuma izina ritangira kugukorera. Mu 1936, Marshall agenera umutwe wa Brigade Generali akabohereza i Washington. Hano ayoboye ishami rishinzwe igenamigambi rishinzwe gutegura rya gisirikare.
Ku munsi w'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose, 1 Nzeri 1939, Marshall Marshall yabaye umuyobozi w'Umukozi Mukuru, bidatinze Perezida wa Amerika F. D. Roosevelt amugira umujyanama we ku ngamba n'amayeri. Marshall aherekeza Perezida mu ngendo zose, agira uruhare mu mirimo y'inama mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga, barimo Tehran na yalta.
Jenerali w'ingabo rusange afite ibikorwa byinshi: Yarimo ahuza itangwa ry'intwaro n'ibiryo mu Burusiya kurwana, hamwe na Abongereza, bayobora ibikorwa bya gisirikare muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru na Sitele, bateganya guta ingabo muri Normandy. Kureka "Kubabaye" (1944) nicyo gikorwa kinini cyo kugwa mu mateka, abantu barenga miliyoni 3 barayitabira, yashyizeho uruzitiro rwa kabiri imbere mu Burayi.
Mu 1947, Marshall yakiriye ubutumire bwatanzwe na perezida wa 33 w'umujyi wa 33 w'umujyi wa Tramani wo kujya mu mwanya w'umunyamabanga wa Leta, buhuye n'umwanya wa Minisitiri w'ububanyi n'amahanga. Truman yizeye ko uburambe nyabwo bwintwari y'intambara ebyiri z'isi n'icyubahiro cyayo bizagira uruhare mu kugarura umubano mpuzamahanga.
Marshall yahisemo kwemera icyifuzo, yizeye ko, kuba kumwanya wo hejuru, azashobora guhindura imitekerereze yaba counterriots. Ikigaragara ni uko Euphoria ye nyuma yintambara nyuma yintambara yitaye cyane kandi icyifuzo cyo kwitandukanya nubutaka bwangiritse. Biramwibutsa rwose uko hashize imyaka 20, igihe Nazissis yabishoboye kugera kubutegetsi.
Ibintu byo mu Burayi Ubusa birabangamiye: miliyoni 55 zapfuye hamwe n'abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 100, basenyaga imvururu, ubushoferi bukabije, hashobora kuba ibitangaza, bishobora kuba gusenywa gusa muri 1978.
Nigute ushobora gushyigikira Uburayi? Ibitekerezo byinshi byaravuze kuri iki kibazo, ariko Marshall gusa yashoboye gukusanya itsinda ryubukungu bwubukungu no guteza imbere gahunda irambuye yo gufasha mubukungu mu gihe cyandika (Gahunda yo kugarura Ababuranyi). Noneho ikintu cyingenzi kwari ugushimangira Abanyaburayi, no hejuru y'Abanyamerika bose, bakeneye kugirira agaciro iyi gahunda.
Itangazo rya gahunda ya Marshall ryarimo gutegura nkigikorwa cya gisirikare. Kugira ngo umenye amakuru, imirimo yose yakorewe mu bihe by'ibanga rikomeye, ibyo ntabwo yari azi ishami rya Leta, ndetse na perezida ubwe. Marshall nitsinda rye, birumvikana ko basobanukiwe neza ko "Partisan" ibikorwa bya bagenzi babo bashobora kubatwara abanyamwuga babo. Ariko, ukurikije abayapani bavuga ko ubutwari Jenerali budafite abasirikare b'ubugwari.
Gicurasi 5, 1947, Harvard. Kuri uyu munsi, Marshall yahawe impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga. Icyakora, aho kuba ijambo ryo gushimira, disikuru z'iminota 10 yose yaharije kwerekana gahunda nyamukuru ya gahunda yo kugarura intambara nyuma y'intambara. Uburayi bwasabye ubufasha bw'amafaranga, kandi leta z'abaturage zakiriye zigomba kuba zarateguye ingano n'inzira zo kugarura no kuvugurura ubukungu bwabo.
Ijambo rya Marshall ryagize ingaruka zikomeye, ijoro ryose, yabaye inyenyeri ya politiki mu mazi ya yombi. Perezida Truman yatangaje ko umugambi wa Marshall ari kimwe cya kabiri cy'imbuto ku "nyigisho yo gugaha kw'ubukomunisiti", kandi n'ubugingo bwose "kuri" ". Kongere yatinyaga ko kuvuka gakomeye k'umurwa mukuru byangiza ubukungu bw'Amerika.
Ariko, gahunda ya Marshall yari kure yubugiraneza. Miliyari 17 z'amadolari yagaragaje ubuntu, ariko yakoresheje ahanini muri Amerika kugura ibikoresho na serivisi bitandukanye. Rero, hashyizweho imirimo mishya, ubukungu bwumviswe.
Muri iyo nama i Paris (Nyakanga 1947), aho ingano tanga shimishwa n'ubufasha bwa buri gihugu kigizwe na Komite y'ubukungu bw'ubukungu bw'ibihugu by'Uburayi byaganiriweho, byavuye mu cyumba cy'amateraniro. Ati: "Iyi ni gahunda idashimishije rwose yo kugenerwa imperialism y'Abanyamerika," V. Molotov. Mubisanzwe, kubera ko ibintu byonyine byo kubona ubufasha mu kugarura ubukungu ni ugukuraho Abakomunisiti baturutse muri guverinoma.
"Gahunda ya Marshall" ifatwa nk'umushinga watsinze ubufasha bw'ubukungu. Turashimira iyi ruziga rutabazi, inganda zuburayi zagaruwe byuzuye kandi zimaze kurenga 40% byintambara. Muri icyo gihe, ishingiro ry'ubwo bumwe bw'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi.
Igihembo cyitiriwe Isi cyatanzwe kuva 1901, mumyaka 16 itandukanye ko atahabwaga kubura abasaba. Kandi rimwe gusa ntirwahawe ibikorwa nyabyo, ntabwo ari ku rugamba rwihariye rwo gukora umurimo w'isi, ahubwo ni imigambi n'amasezerano. Umubatizo w'itiriwe Nobel wo mu 2009 wabaye Bwana Barack Obama.
Umwanditsi - Ikimenyetso cya Julia
Isoko - Sprangzhizni.ru.