Uyu munsi, Abayahudi bafite igihugu cyabo, kandi ikindi gice cyigice kiba mukarere cyibindi bihugu. Ariko bamaze "abanyamahanga" muburayi, hamwe no kwizera kwabo, imigenzo n'imigenzo. Ibindi bihora bitumvikana, bivuze ko aribandi. Niyo mpamvu kwigaragaza kwinshi kwa anti-semitism, ukomoka mumyaka yo hagati. Ariko ikibazo nyamukuru gisigaye: Nkabantu bafite inkomoko yo muri Semit (Uburasirazuba bwo hagati), byabaye byinshi mu Burayi, no mumijyi imwe n'imwe yo mu bwami bw'Uburusiya mu kinyejana cya 19 kandi na gato haba ku barenga 30 ku ijana?
Amayeri
Mugihe cya 2 na 1 Ikinyagihumbi, Abayahudi batangiye kwihangana mumiryango ya Semitike. Ni abantu ba mbere, muri bo "kwizera ku Mana imwe. Kubera iyo mpamvu, abantu bahawe amazina abiri: Abayahudi (nk'abayahudi) n'Abayahudi (nk'ukwo kwizera). Bidatinze, baremye ubwami bwabo, abategetsi bazwi cyane Dawidi na Salomo. Kuva kuri Leta y'Igiheburayo ntibyari byoroshye: usibye kwivuguruza kw'imbere, hari amakimbirane menshi y'abaturanyi. Mu mizo ya mbere, Abashuri bateye mu bwami bw'Abayahudi, hanyuma amaherezo asenya Babuloni ya kera. Ikinyagihumbi cya mbere cyarangiye, Yudaya yabaye intara y'Ubwami bw'Abaroma. Twatangiye kandi kuva mu bihugu byabo tukajya mu rugendo rurerure. Igice cyagiye mu burasirazuba, mu Buhinde no mu Burengerazuba bwo mu Burengerazuba bwa Aziya, igice - muri Afurika y'Amajyepfo, hanyuma cyangwa muri Gibraltar i Burayi cyangwa Etiyopiya, igice - mu majyaruguru y'Ingoma y'Abaroma.
Amateka Sefarddov
Mu kinyejana cya 7-8, Abayahudi bo muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru baguye munsi y'imbaraga z'Abarabu. Babonye ubwisanzure bumwe nuburenganzira bwo gutura mukarere k'Uburayi, ku butaka bwa none. Espagne mu rurimi rw'Abayahudi ba kera yitwaga "SFARD", mu buryo, iri tsinda ry'Abayahudi ryatangiye guhamagara Sefard. Bavugaga mu rurimi rwa Ladino, wateye imbere hashingiwe ku rurimi rwa Espagne. Evrei-Seproi-Seprords mu mbaraga z'Abarabu bakoraga ubucuruzi, bashiraho imiryango yabo, bateje gusenga. Mugihe cyo kwigarurira, Abesipanyoli bashoboye kwirukana abarabu no gukora ubwami bwa Espagne. Nyuma ya 1492, Abayahudi ba Sefarda bakiriye itegeko: cyangwa ubukristo bufata, cyangwa basiga Espanye.
Amababi y'Abayahudi yatangiye, iperereza naryo ryatsembye imiryango y'Abayahudi. Igice cya Sefarddov cyapfuye, kandi igice cyari ubuhungiro mu Bwami bwa Ottoman. Bari bemerewe gutura muri Balkans, umujyi w'Abagereki wa Tessalonike wabaye ikigo cya Sefarddov. Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, umuryango w'Abayahudi baho wabaye abahohotewe na holocaust. Uyu munsi hari Abayahudi barenga miliyoni 1.5 ku isi, ari abakurambere ba Sefardtov. Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri kiba muri Isiraheli, Diaspora nini - mu Bufaransa (ibihumbi bigera ku 300).
Amateka Ashkenazi
Mu ntangiriro yo gutuza kw'abantu bikomeye, bamwe mu Bayahudi bo muri Palesitine bimukiye ku mbibi z'Ubwami bw'Abaroma. Bagombaga gusangira isi imiryango y'Abadage. Ikindi gice cy'Abayahudi cyabaye intore za Khazar muri Khazar, cyari kiri mu kibaya cya Don na Volga. Mu kinyejana cya 10, ibikomangoma by'Uburusiya, Svtionslav na Vladimir Birakomeye byangije imbaraga za Khazar. Abenshi mu Bayahudi bagiye iburengerazuba, batuza mu Budage. Mu mpera z'imyaka yo hagati, ishami ritandukanye ry'Abayahudi, ryavugaga Yiddish. Uru rurimi rwashyizweho rufite uruhare rw'Ubudage. Iri tsinda ry'Abayahudi ryiswe "Ashkenazy", kuva mu kinyejana cya mbere mu Budage Budage bwise "Ashkenaz". Mu binyejana bya 13-14 mu kinyejana cya 13-14 mu Budage, gutoteza Abayahudi batangiye. Benshi mu bayahudi b'Abayahudi batangiye kwibakira muri Polonye. Ibitambo bidasanzwe by'Abayahudi byahaye umwami Casimir Mukuru. Abayahudi bari abacuruzi, abafite imico y'abahanga, kandi akenshi na bo bashinzwe imitungo y'umwirambo. Mu kinyejana cya 16, mu kinyejana cya 16, Abayahudi bagera kuri 80% bari babayeho muri Polonye. Amasinagogi nini yari i Krakow, Lviv, Grodno, Warsaw n'indi mijyi. Vilniyo na Yerusalemu ya Yerusalemu. Uyu munsi muri Zholkva (Ukraine), isinagogi yo kwiregura kw'ikinyejana cya 17 yarabitswe, yerekana ko muri kiriya gihe, abaturage b'Abayahudi batabayeho mu mutekano. Ndetse no mu icumbi rya paruwasi. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18, ibihugu byinshi byo muri Polonye byinjiye mu Bwami bw'Uburusiya. Mu gihugu hose, "ibyangiritse byo gusiga" byakozwe - umurongo Abayahudi batashoboraga kwimurwa. Kugerageza kwakozwe nuburusiya. Bakiriye amazina yikirusiya, akenshi bazubaha imidugudu: brodsky, slutsky, nibindi. Umwe mu mijyi ikomeye y'Abayahudi yari Odesssa.
Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, ubuzima bwo mu Bwami bw'Uburusiya bwararushijeho kuba bubi, muri Setism yo mu nyanja bwatangiye: Pogroms y'Abayahudi, poropagande yo kurwanya Abayahudi ndetse no mu manza ("Baleis"). Abayahudi bari bafite inzira eshatu: abimukira, urugamba rwa politiki no gushaka kuguma. Nkumuvugizi wa Leta na Babel Kandi amafaranga menshi yinjiza yabemereye kubaho neza. Nyuma ya 1917, Bourgeoisie w'Inkomoko y'Abayahudi yavuye mu Burusiya, atinya Bolsheviks. Ikintu gishimishije ni uko inkomoko y'ishyaka ryinshi mu Bwami bw'Uburusiya ni abantu b'ubwenegihugu bw'Abayahudi, ariko, kwinjira mu ntera ya Serc cyangwa Bolsheviks byerekana ko "Umuyahudi" ashyigikira "Uburusiya".
Ikibazo cy'Abayahudi muri Politiki y'Isi
Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, ikibazo cy'Abayahudi cyabaye ingenzi ku muryango w'isi. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, Theodore Herzl niyo yabanje gutegura amahame ya Zionism - ubwenegihugu bw'Abayahudi. Intego ye ni ugushiraho Isiraheli. Nyuma y'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, mu 1948, Loni yamenye ko Isiraheli ibaho, gutahuka kw'Abayahudi byatangiye mu gihugu cy'amateka. Muri icyo gihe, intambara z'Abarabu-Isiraheli zatangiye kugira uburenganzira bwo gutunga Palesitine. Uburayi Abayahudi bahohotewe na jenoside yakorewe Abayahudi. Abo bombi bari Ashkenazy na sefard. Hitler ntiyitayeho, nubwo Ashkenazy yavuganyega Yiddish, amagambo amwe yaturutse ku Badage. Uyu munsi tutazabona isi idasanzwe, y'Abayahudi mu Burayi, yateye imbere mu mijyi myinshi yo mu Burayi bwo hagati n'Uburasirazuba. Kandi sinzumva Yisha, benshi mu Bayahudi bavuga igiheburayo.