Mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, abanyamashyaka barwana bakoreshwaga cyane mu buryo budashidikanywaho - kurwanira tanki n'imodoka yitwaje intwaro mu rugamba. Mububiko bwintambara, mu gihe cyo guhagarika imisatsi ikomeye, n'ibindi. Itumba nyamukuru ryaya mafranga ryakozwe n'imiti. Abanyamaguru bakoresheje grenade y'incersade, abagenzuzi n'amacupa.
Amacupa afite imvange zikaba, ihendutse yose n'uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora, byagaragaye ko ari ngombwa mu gihe cy'intambara y'abenegihugu muri Espanye. Mu 1939, bakoreshejwe n'Abayapani bari kuri Khalkhin - intego na Finns i Karelia, bari kandi bafite umukozi mukuru wo kurwanya Tarelia muri Nzeri 1939. "Amacupa y'incer" yakoreshejwe mu gihe cyambere - mu gihe cyambere Mu ntambara ikomeye yo gukunda igihugu, hamwe no kubura gukabije kw'abandi PT-Amafaranga. Ariko, bakoreshejwe hafi kugeza intambara irangiye.
Ku ya 7 Nyakanga 1941, Komite ya Leta yingabo zidasanzwe "ku mabuye y'agaciro yo kurwanya tank (amacupa)", yategekwaga gutegura inganda z'ibiyobyabwenge mu biyobyabwenge kuva ku ya 10 Nyakanga, 19 Nyakanga. Ibikoresho by'amacupa ya litiro y'ibiyobyabwenge Umuriro wa Fireof-6 y'amasasu y'amasasu. N'Umuyobozi w'ishami rishinzwe kurinda imiti ya gisirikare. Nyuma - imicungire y'ingenzi mu gisirikare) yateganijwe kuva ku ya 14 Nyakanga kugira ngo itangire "gutanga imitwe ya Gisirikare na Grenade y'intoki."
Kuri iyi ntego, ikoreshwa cyane cyane byeri na vodka, ifite ibikoresho byaka umuriro No 1 na No 3. Ibice by'ibi bihimbano byatanzwe nka lisansi, Kerosene, Ligroin, bibyimba n'amavuta cyangwa ifu idasanzwe ya OP-2, yateye imbere mu 1939 iyobowe na A.p. Ionova. Igihe cyo gutwika nko kuvanga (mubisanzwe cyari gifite ibara ryijimye ryijimye) - amasegonda 40-60., Ubushyuhe bwateye imbere - 700-800 ° C. Uruvange rwarimo rwinshi mu ibyuma kandi rubahiriza, byari biba birimo na Napallu, byagaragaye muri Amerika mu 1942.
Imyitwarire y '"amacupa" ntabwo yagennye gusa kumitungo yo kuvanga uruvange, ariko nanone binyuze muburyo umuriro. Muri verisiyo yoroshye, icupa ryagumye mu gico, kandi imbere yo guta, umurwanyi wagombaga gusimburwa no gucomeka, arobokaga lisansi, yahise atwika.
Igikorwa cyafashe umwanya munini, gukora "icupa" ntacyo rikora, kandi biteje akaga kubera umurwanyi wenyine. Muyindi bagaragaje, imikino ibiri yagenwe ku ijosi rya rubber bande. Umurwanyi wabo uhuye na tater cyangwa agasanduku. Muri Kanama 1941, imiti yizewe yari igurishwa a.t. Konina, MA Shcheglova na P.. Solodovnik: anpoule hamwe na aside sulfuric, ibinyobwa n'ibinyobwa hamwe nifu ya fur yashizwe kumacupa ya reberi. SkAl yakubisemo akimara kumarana amacupa.
Mu rwego rwo kongera kwizerwa kw'ibitingize iyo binjiye mu ntego - kandi iki cyari ikibazo nyamukuru - ampoules eshatu-enye zari zometse ku icupa rizengurutse umuzenguruko. Tula Umushushanya G. Korobov yateje imbere uburyo bworoshye bwumvikana hamwe na karitsiye imwe. Ingaruka nini, zifite ibikoresho byo kwizika kwa cop na bgs, bikaba byari umuhondo-icyatsi kibisi hamwe na fosifore na sulfuru. Amazi yatwitse gusa kubahuza numwuka nyuma yo kumena icupa. Igihe cyo gutwika cyageze muminota 2-3, ubushyuhe bwavuyemo ni 800-1000 ° C. Aya mazi yakiriye izina rizwi cyane "cocktail molotov". Mu rwego rwo kurengera amazi ku muyaga no gukoresha icupa, mu gihe cya nyuma igihe ibikoresho, umuyoboro w'amazi na kerosene wongeyeho akabati cyangwa insinga. Muri resept "imbeho" harimo no kongeramo, umuriro kandi ku bushyuhe bwa -40 ° C. Kuri buri cupa, amabwiriza yashyizwe mugukoresha.
Amazi ya kopi, yakoresheje, yari afite indege ya Ampoules AJ-2, yakoresheje ibigega n'ibitero by'abasoviyeti n'ibisasu. Bajugunywe hanze ya Cassette idasanzwe.
Ku ya 12 Kanama 1941, ubwunganizi bw'ibiyobyabwenge bwemejwe "amabwiriza yo gukoresha amacupa y'izindi". Ku bwe, mu bubiko no gucamo ibice, amacakubiri n'amahugurwa y'amatsinda y'abarwanyi hamwe na grenades n'intego zarashimbwe, kandi ni bwo mugabane munini w'amafaranga ya PT. Kandi bidatinze gukoresha amacupa byatangiye guhugura abakozi bose.
Muri Memos kurwanira ibigega biri iruhande rw'imyambi, byerekana ahantu habi, usibye ibyanditswe "cyangwa" Bay Grenada ", ntabwo ari amacupa" ya Bay ". Amacupa yirakaye yagombye kuba yarajugunye icyuho hejuru yinzu, kandi ibi byashobokaga gusa mugihe uburyo bworoshye bugera hafi cyangwa nyuma yikibanza hejuru yumuyoboro. Intera yashyizwe kuri m 30, ariko rwose yabarwaga 15, ntarengwa ya metero 20. Kujugunya amacupa byagenze kuva mumwobo no kumena. Gutsindwa kwa tank "abarwanyi" bamaranye impuzandengo ya 2-3. Igikorwa cyabo hanze yuburaro cyatumye habaho igihombo kinini mubarwanyi.
Amacupa yahujwe neza na grenade. Abarwanyi ba Tank bakoraga ibyakiriwe neza: guta pt-grenade cyangwa imiduka yamakomamaro mugice cyiruka, hanyuma agahagarara - guta icupa kuruhande. Muri ubu buryo, nk'urugero, ku ya 4 Kamena 1944, ikigo gisanzwe cya 2 cyo kugabana imbunda ya 50 R.S. Smishuk ku rugamba hafi y'umusozi Rogluju munsi ya Yasluju yasenye ibigega 6 by'Abadage. Amacupa y'ibishishwa na we yari agamije gutsinda abapfu no kunywa, imbaraga zizima mu buhungiro n'indege muri parikingi.
Amacupa yahise ahinduka igikoresho kimenyerewe. Byakoreshejwe cyane muri sisitemu yo kurwanya tank na inzitizi zabakozi. Mu ntambara yo kwirwanaho hafi ya Moscou, "Umuriro Shafts" na "Imirima" yakoreshejwe. Umuriro Shafts yatunganijwe mubikoresho bitandukanye byambayemo kandi bitwika amacupa "Koporo". Mu mirima yubutare, amacupa yirakaye yabaye mu murima ufatanije na PT Mine. Hagati y'intambara, imyitozo yo kurema "Fumpasous" yakwirakwijwe - amacupa agera kuri 20 yashyizwe hafi ya PT kuri radiyo, yatanze umuriro mugihe cyo guturika.
"Konti y'intambara" irashimishije. Nk'uko amakuru yemewe, mu myaka y'intambara abifashijwemo, hari ibinyabiziga 2429, Sau n'imodoka yitwaje inka, amadorari 1189, imodoka 738 n'ibikoresho 65.
Intambara yo gutangira, Mortwartor idasanzwe yagaragaye muri RKka kubera guta amacupa yambaye inkerake afashijwe n'umukungugu n'ibiti, hibandwa ku butaka. Amacupa yibi yatoranijwe hamwe nibirahure byirahuri. Intego yo kurasa hamwe nicupa ryimipaka nkiyi ni m 80, ntarengwa ya metero 180, byihuse kubara abantu 2 - 6-8 umutekano / min. Mu ntambara hafi ya Moscou, ishami ry'imbunda ryaharanira gutanga mortyrs ebyiri nk'izo, guhagarikwa - 6-8.
Ariko, ukuri kw '"kwararasa kwa morty" byari bike, amacupa yakunze kumeneka mugihe cyo kurasa, kugirango ubu buryo butakoreshejwe cyane. Morrti ubwayo yari arushijeho gutera amashurwe yubushyuhe bwubwoko bworoheje tzsh cyangwa abagenzuzi b'umwotsi - mugihe cyo guswera amadorari cyangwa konsa. No mu ntambara muri STILALLAD ku ruganda rwa bariyeri, "botchings" igishushanyo cy'umukozi IP cyakozwe Inochna.
Ibibyitwa imipira yubushyuhe yakoreshejwe nabarwanyi b'Abasoviyeti ntibazwi. Izi zari imipira mito, ibumba kuva muri TherMite (okiside y'icyuma hamwe na alumini), ipima 300 g, hamwe no gusya. Igihe cyo gutwika cyageze 1 min, ubushyuhe ni 2000-3000 ° C. Kugira umupira wo kurasa kwambara umufuka cyangwa umufuka wapfunyitse gusa impapuro; Yaka hafi ako kanya. Biragaragara ko uburyo nk'ubwo, butandukanye n'amacupa ya kopi, ntabwo yakoreshejwe.
Kandi ni gute urubanza rwabaye mu zindi ngabo? Muri Amerika hari grenade yakajwe na anm-14 ifite corps za silindrical na fan-agniter M200-A1. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, Abanyamerika kandi bakoresheje "M3 yikirahure" hamwe na kure yimpimbano (hamwe na cheque yumutekano hamwe nimpeta), zifatirwa kumacupa hamwe nicyuma. Nibyo, gushyira mu bikorwa byo kurwanya grenade ntabwo byatanzwe - byari bigamije gutwika inyubako, ibiraro bitijwe, indege ku isi, nibindi.
Ibyo ari byo byose, "Kurwana grenade" yakoresheje ingabo nyinshi. Amacupa hamwe na fosifore-irimo imvange yakoresheje britiwongereza. N'ingabo za Polonye Sraiova mu gihe cya Warsaw "Kwigomeka" mu 1944 byakoreshejwe "amacupa" mu buryo bw'ikibazo cy'indakumisi n'imashini.
Kandi no muri iki gihe, amacupa yirakaye akomeza gutesha agaciro ntabwo ari "abaterankunga" gusa, ariko kandi bitari ngombwa "abigaragambyaga bitari ngombwa".
Felix Leonidov. Kinyamakuru "Intwaro" №4, 2000