Ku Starn, Chukchi adatchedwa Lorithovelans, Chukotov. Nthawi zinadutsa, ndipo mayina am'mbuyomu adangokhala m'magulu azakale, koma okhala ku Chushotaly ali wokhulupirika ku zikhalidwe zawo komanso zikhulupiriro zawo. Kubadwa kwa ma enthnos awa ndi a mafuko a mafuko omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi chofala chofala, gulu lamoto, miyambo yachipembedzo ndi miyambo yachipembedzo.
Chukchi wamakono, ngati makolo awo, agawika m'magulu awiri - a Namadic Slider ndi osaka agoli ndi mafakitale. Obereketsa agalu amadziwika kuti ndi gulu lapadera, lomwe ndi kuswana agalu chifukwa cha zingwe, pomwe anthu amayenda kudutsa chipale chofewa. Kodi dzina la Chukchi zikutanthauza chiyani? Kodi nkhani yawo inali bwanji? Nanga chikhalidwe cha anthu awa chimauza chiyani?
Emita
Dzina Lachiwiri "Chukchi" adawonekera kalekale. Ambiri mwazaka zambiri zapitazo, Russia ndi Yakulu adayamba kuyimbira anthu ambiri ku Chujatka. Malinga ndi ofufuza, dzina la mayinawo linagwedeza mawu oti "chowolodwa", chomwe chimatanthawuza "ngwazi zolemera" mu chuka la Chukatka.
Uku ndiye gulu lotchedwa reinder. Koma, monga ndidanenera, Chukchi ali ndi magulu angapo omwe amasiyana pamalo okonzekereratu komanso mtundu wa zochitika. Mwachitsanzo, agalu agalu agalu amadzitcha kuti Akalyn (mu Translation "Anka" amatanthauza "nyanja").
Koma kudzipereka kwa Chukchi kunamveka. Zimamveka ngati uve, ndi "anthu enieni" amamasulira. Ndiye kuti, makolo a Chukchi adanena kuti ndi eni enieni, "anthu" a m'maiko awo.
Zokhudza Zilankhulo
Chikhalidwe cha anthu awa chimanena za mtundu wosakanikirana, ndi Asia-America. Nthano zingapo ndi zikhulupiriro zingapo zimatsimikizira maulalo okhudzana ndi ku Chukchi ndi amwenye aku North America. Mwa njira, mtundu wamphesa wagalu wa mafuko am'nyanjawo ndi a mtundu waku America chifukwa kapangidwe kake.
Koma mu dongosolo la Chukchi likugwirizana ndi ITEELENn, Korkakov ndi Eskimos. Chilankhulo cha Chukchi ndi chimodzi mwa banja la chilankhulo cha Narachi Kamchatka, ndi gulu la Paleiiaian. Maonekedwe a Russia asanakhale pa Chujatka, Chukchi amakumbutsa nthano zingapo ndi nthano zambiri, koma ochepa atsimikizika kuti asungidwa.
Cholinga cha izi ndi kusakhalako. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, theka loyamba la zaka zana zapitazi, Mbusa wa Chukatka, Khaneville adakwanitsa kupanga zolemba zoyambirira.
Mitundu yoyambirira yoyambirira ya chilankhulo yolemba, mwatsoka, sanakhale ponseponse, koma lero amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano. Ambiri Chukchi amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito zilembo za chiviriri.
Makalasi a Chukchi
Patangotuluka kumene ku Russia Chuksian Chukchi, adatha kudziwa kuti akuwombera, omwe pambuyo pake adagulitsa malonda. Koma mumafunsa kuti: Kodi anthu a mbusa wodziwika bwino anakhalapo bwanji? Chilichonse ndi chosavuta - kwa nthawi yayitali, ntchito yachikhalidwe cha anthu ku Chukotka inali kusaka kwa deer. Chowoneka bwino kwambiri chinali chisoti cha m'mphepete mwa Chukchi. Ankakhala ndi ndalama zam'madzi: Zisindikizo, mitsempha, zokhala ndi ziphuphu.
Zochita zoterezi zimafunikira maphunziro ambiri komanso mphamvu zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, Chukchi anali ndi njira zapadera zosakira. Mwachitsanzo, pa Zisindikizo, anthu adaukira m'mphepete mwa nyamazo zikamalowa padzuwa. Kutsatira kayendedwe ka chilombochi, Chukki wodzipereka kwa zisindikizo, pambuyo pake adaukira nyama yomwe adasankhayo.
Nyumba Zazikhalidwe
Ngakhale masiku ano, moyo wa chukchi amasunga mawonekedwe angapo a mphesa. Kuchokera m'zaka za zana la XIX, mafuko a obereketsa obereka amakhala mchaka zitatu. Anali madera osawerengeka omwe amasintha nthawi ya msipu ngati chotupa chotopa.
Nyumba zachikhalidwe za Chukchi, zomwe zikumangidwa munthawi yathu ino, ndi Yaranga. Ichi ndi chihema chachikulu cha mawonekedwe osakhazikika a polymonal. Nyumba yotereyi imasekedwa ndi zikopa zamphamvu, zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi miyala, kuteteza anthu okhala m'nyumba zochokera kumphepo. Mkati mwa chihema, pakati, pali moto. Malo awa ndi opatulika, ndipo Chukchi omwe amayerekezera nyumba yawo pachikhalidwe, chifukwa cha zomwe ndikuyenda mkati mwake zimatsata kuyenda kwa dzuwa kumwamba.
Tchuthi ndi chipembedzo cha Chukchi
Chikhalidwe cha Chukchi chimawonekera kwambiri pa tchuthi ndi miyambo yachipembedzo. Zikondwerero zazikulu zimawonedwa zikondwerero zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi kukhazikitsa kwa nyumba, kukoma kwa agwape, malipiro a vazhenka.
Nsembe zamoto zidatenga gawo lapadera. M'malire ozizira ozizira, anthu amayamikirana ndi kutentha, womwe umapereka lawi, chifukwa chake moto umawoneka ngati nthano ngati mtundu wauzimu, mzimu wamphamvu wonse.
Njira zachikhalidwe zomwe Chukchi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokongoletsa zovala, nsapato, quiver, malinga ndi asayansi, ali ndi chiyambi. Zikhulupiriro zoyambirira patsikuli ndi miyambo ya ma vivessism. Chukchi amapembedza mphamvu zachilengedwe, zitsimikizireni zinthuzo, lemekezani nyama zopatulikazo (mwachitsanzo, khwangwala).
Mabanja ambiri a anthu okhala m'masiku ano a zamakono asunga masikelo otetezedwa - miyala yapadera yamoto, yomwe iyenera kukhala ndi munthu aliyense. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwambowu womwe umagwirizanitsidwa ndi kupembedza moto ndikuwapangitsa omwe akhudzidwa ndi lawi lamoto, motero moyo. Mafuko angapo adachita "kusinthana kwa amuna ndi akazi" pomwe munthu adavala chovala chachikazi ndikukwaniritsa zachikazi panyumba - komanso mosemphanitsa.
Chukchi ndi anthu apadera osiyana, omwe amamva zikhulupiriro zochititsa chidwi, chikhalidwe ndi miyambo ya makolo awo komanso mafuko oyandikana nawo. Apaulendo omwe adapita ku Cidenti ya Chikunota ya Chifunotka kapena ku Kamchatka, onani kuti malowa amatsegula utoto wapadera, womwe umasunga chipembedzo chakale komanso chinsinsi cha anthu wamba.
Pa chivundikiro: VLADILILA KAKRI, Arctic Tundra pafupi ndi Welkal, Chuka, Russia, 2012 / © Jimmynels.com