Dziko Losayembekezeredwa, mfumu ya ku Hungary ndi Poland Vladislav III ndi kunyoza kwa Serbia Georny Brannvich II, yemwe amalumbira lumbiro la Qur'an. Kusinthanitsa mawu ofotokozera zakale kunachitika kudzera mwa akazembe. Mozoloweri wazaka khumi pankhondo yapakati pa Osman ndi otenga nawo mbali aku Europe ndi omwe akuwalengeza.
Komabe, abambo a Roma, ali kale pachiyambi pokambirana, anali kutsutsana ndi dziko. Ndondomeko yakale ya Roma ya Katolika imakhudza chipangizo cha dziko lapansi ndi manja a Crusa ndipo kuno adamupeza waluso pakukumana ndi kaladi wa Juliarini, yemwe kale anali mfumu. Komabe, si nthawi ino, - vladislav ii, ngakhale ali wachinyamata, anali ndi chifukwa chokwanira cholerera bwino. Tsoka ilo, a Balkan, malingaliro sanali okwanira kwa nthawi yayitali ...
Bodza
Murad II itayika mu yaying'ono ya Asia kuti imalize kugonjetsa kwake. Panali biralle imodzi yokha ya Caracanides ndipo posakhalitsa adagwa pansi pa asitikali a Ottoman adalowa ndi Sultan. Pambuyo pake, Sultan adaganiza kuti cholinga chake chinali chitamalizidwa mu ulamuliro wapadziko lapansi, ndipo amatha kuchita zinthu zauzimu mosamala, kudzipereka kuti azidziletsa, kupemphera ndi kuwerenga Qur'an. Mu 1444, amabwerera kumpando wachifumu kuti ataye mwana wake wamwamuna, yemwe anali ndi zaka 12 nthawi imeneyo ndikuchotsedwa ku Manasa.
Atamva izi, Katswiri wina wa Juliano Csarini akuyambanso kukana mfumu ya Vladislav III kuti apitirize kulumbira ndi "chilumbu" pa dziwe lokhala ndi Papa Roman. Momwe Oyang'anira Makadinananal adayimba mu Sosable Wotchuka wa Ussr "Atatu Atatu":
"Kwa Yemwe Kadinala ndiowona, papa paradiso walamulidwa pasadakhale."Mfumu ya Achinyamata Vadislav iii imapereka chisamaliro cha anthu, koma kuvomerezedwa kwa Serbia Brankovich, osavomereza Chikatolika, komanso kukhala a chikhulupiriro cha orthodox, sadzalumbira. Kadinola adzalandira kuchokera papa "chilolezo chololeza lumbiro" kwa mfumu, komanso gulu laling'ono la mapiko a papari ndi a Teoutonic, omwe amaganiza kuti mlanduwu udzabweretsa phindu.
Mbali ya kadinala anali Vovod Monos Hunuda, yemwe ankakonda kupambana kwatsopano ndipo adadziona kuti ndiopulumutsa a Europe kuyambira ku Ottoman IGA. Ndipo mu 1444, kuphwanya mgwirizano wamtendere, akuluakuluwo anayambiranso dziko. Zinkawoneka zabwino zonse kuti zidutse nawo. Pa trene Ottomans, ngakhale mtsogoleri wa mnyamatayo - wa ku Ahyded II, mphamvu zazikulu za gulu la asing'anga la Ottoman likuyang'ana ku Anatolia, ndipo osasunthira ku Sultan Asitikali limodzi pamadzi, ndipo ali ndi kampeni yayitali. Cholinga cha Crusader chinali ntchito yopambana komanso yopambana pa likulu la Sultanate - Edirne. Komabe, chilichonse sichinachitike molingana ndi dongosolo.
Murad II yankho
"Nezhdanchik" ananyamuka kupita ku dira la mfumu ndi nkhani yomwe Murad ii adakwiya nthabwala ndipo adaganiza zokhudzana ndi malingaliro "chifukwa cha malonjezo awa. Anatenganso mphamvu munthakate m'manja mwake ndipo achita msonkhano wotsutsana ndi mikanganoyo, nthawi ino. Vladislav iii, kapena kadinani wa Juliano Cezarini sanayembekezere zosinthazi.
Chidaliro chachiwiri chosasangalatsa chinali kusamutsa gulu lankhondo lotoman mpaka ku Nyanja, pa zombo, malo obisika, omwe adapemphedwa ku Muradi II, - opikisana nawo wakale. Zikuwoneka kuti chikhumbo chopita "pampinga" chimachotsa kwa iwo mfundo iliyonse yamakhalidwe. Mkristu wa Peal ndi Venetian satha kuchita chilichonse, chifukwa Ndipo Dardanella ndi Bosphorous adawongolera maottial zida za Ottoman.
Gulu lankhondo lankhondo linayenda pang'onopang'ono, lingalilo lomwe linakumana ndi njirayo likukana kusanja ndi kumenya mokwanira. Mfumuyo inkadyanso namondwe, kapena kudutsa. Ndipo ngakhale akulu a ku Bulgaria ndi a Valah adalowa m'ndende zopita ku Crusaders, chiwerengero chonse cha anthu oposa 7,000, akuluakuluwo adasunthidwa pang'onopang'ono kuposa momwe adakonzera. Sanafike ku Ediridi, asitikali awiriwo adakumana pansi pa boa.
Komanso kuchuluka kwa Osmans, adapitilira mdani wawo. Chiwerengero cha Crusaders chikuchitika kuyambira zaka 16 mpaka 24 ndipo onse anali "pro" okha ndi magulu awo, komanso ankhondo abwino "ochokera ku Europe, adapita ku Crusaduwa. Gulu lankhondo la Murad limaganiziridwa, ndi mawu a otaika, anthu oposa 100,000. Ngakhale matembenuzidwe ochepawa ndi zowonadi, poganizira kuti adafika kunyanja ndipo sanali ndi nthawi yochulukirapo kuti achitepo kanthu. Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri D. Engel analipo zikwi 40 kapena ayi.
"Kavalericard, zaka zana sikuti" kapena zomwe zimapangitsa kuti misala yamisala
Maganizo a gulu lankhondo la Ottomans, malinga ndi lipoti la oyang'anira anzeru anzeru, sakanatha kulimbikitsa kusonkhanitsa. Choyamba cha zovuta zomwe zingasangalalidwe ndi Cezarininal Cezarini. Nkhondoyo inali yoti ichitike m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya lonyowa, kuchokera kumpoto kwa iyo. Madera anali owoloka ndi kutalika kwamiyala, yomwe idachepa kumpoto.Anandiuza mapulani anzeru kwambiri, - kukhazikitsa ngolo kukhala lalikulu ndikumenya nkhondo ndikumenya nkhondo, ndikudikirira kubwera kwa chimbudzi ndi kuyandama kwa ziweto zachikhristu komanso kuteteza mdani. Wotchedwa ngoloyo kapena monga anatchulidwira Sagittarius ndi Cossacks pambuyo pake, - mzinda woyenda. Atakwiya ku Europe, zaka zambiri zazaka zomaliza, njira yochititsa nkhondo ndi wotsutsa komanso wotsutsa. Mfumuyo ndi gulu lankhondo lankhondo poyamba lidavomerezedwa, koma apa Mawu adagwirizana ndi Janos Hunyadi.
Ndani kapena amene adaturutsa m'zilankhulo zaluso iyi sikudziwika. Ngakhale iye mwiniyo adatchuka chifukwa cha luso la nkhondo yodzitchinjiriza, ndi mphamvu zake zazikulu mdani, malankhulidwe ake anali ngati ntchito. Hunudi adanenanso kuti izi sizoyenera kuti gulu lankhondo likubwera lipambane. Chifukwa chake mutha kungochita ngati gulu lankhondo ligonjetsedwa ndipo ichi ndi malo ake omaliza.
Pambuyo pake, kulungamitsa kalatayo pamaso pa papa, amavomereza kulakwitsa koopsa, kuwonetsa kuti "kulimba mtima kwadzidzidzi kunagwira mitima yathu." Zimakhalabe "kukonza" - osati "mitima yathu", koma "mtima wake", ndipo adatenga kale aliyense ndi chidwi chake.
Nkhondo Yomaliza ya King Vladislav
Zotsatira zake, gulu lankhondo linakhazikitsa dongosolo lawo lolimbana ndi wina ndi mnzake, garego ndi makatoni akhristu anali kumbuyo kwa semicircle. Wotenga nawo mbali ya nkhondo ya Andreas Pallastio, yemwe adafotokoza zonse zomwe zidachitika, adauza kuti amalimbikitsa ankhondo kuti amenye nkhondo, osabisala. Mtsogoleri wa magulu onse ankhondo amakhala pakati pa asitikali awo.
Murad, - atazunguliridwa ndi Janichar wake, kumbuyo kwa matabwa ndi zigawenga zapadziko lapansi, khomo ndi mwayi wolowa mu kubetcha. Kuphatikiza apo, ngamila zinali kumeneko, mitu pafupifupi 500, yodzaza ndi minyewa yokwera mtengo, mfundo ndi golide, kuyimirira pamenepo ngati mdani akuwononga ku Bet. Pankhaniyi, kunali kofunikira kutsegula matumba ndikumwaza zabwino kusokoneza mdani kuti aba.
Ngakhale akuwoneka kuti akuwoneka kuti, mbiri ya Halkokondil, Kallima ndi Dulgosh, (Byzantic, Italy ndi Pole) amatchula za ngamila. Pafupi ndi Sultan Sultan idzatulutsidwa mkondo, komwe m'malo mwa chikwangwani padzakhala mgwirizano wophwanyika. Asanamenye nkhondo, adzanyamulidwa pamaso pa gulu la zachinyengo za chinyengo ".
Vladislav iii, yozunguliridwa ndi gulu lankhondo lamphamvu kuchokera kwa mfumu, pansi pa mbendera ya Crusade (RED RORDE MU MALO OKONDA) NDIPONSO KUKHALA Nkhondo yotentha iyamba.
Nkhondo idapita masiku awiri, ndikupumula kwa usiku wonse. Pofika tsiku la nkhondo yoyamba ya nkhondo, Mfumu Vadislav imachitika mosasamala kwambiri m'moyo wake waufupi, zomwe zimamuwononga ndikukhulupirira kugonjetsedwa kwa olamulira. Chifukwa chake musakhulupirire pambuyo pake kulumbira lumbiro!
Chifukwa chake, tsiku lonse mbali yolimbana ndi kuchita bwino kwambiri, gulu lalikulu lidavulala, kuphatikizapo Hunide. Komabe, VoIvode mosasamala anatsogolera nkhondo yonseyo, akuyenda kuchokera kukhoma kumbuyo ndi kuyang'anira. Crusaders adapangidwira pogona pa ngolo, kenako anathetsa, mosalekeza.
A Sultan Murad anali wankhondo wodziwa zambiri komanso wanzeru, adayambitsa mphamvu zoyambira Yanychar ndi Eperial Azoov omwe adakumana ndi nkhondo ndi azungu pomwe otopa kale. Azungu pakufotokozera za Paltio anali ndi lingaliro loti Ottomans sanakhudzidwe nawo nkhondo. Komabe, ngakhale Naskisyi sanachititse kuti kumenyedwa kunkhondo, mbali zonse ziwiri zimanyamula zotayika sizikanatha kukanana ndi wina ndi mnzake.
Pakadali pano, "adawombera" ndi kunyada kwa mfumu Vadislav III, wolemba mbiri wakale wa ByKokotonds Halcokondis akukhulupirira kuti "adalimbika" kupita ku SyUnyadi kuti athane ndi Sultan. Chilichonse, koma chakhala, koma mfumuyo (wazaka 19 zokha), kavalo amagawidwa ndikuthamangira ku kubetcha kwa Sultan, ndipo pafupifupi hafu ya chikwi chimodzi anathamangira. Monga mkulu wa Ottoman alemba, Mfumu ya NESRS idafuula:
"Ndikufuna kulankhula nanu ndi inu, murad! Kuchita Ngozi! ".Komabe, gulu la milros Obrus, yemwe anapha mbuye wa Sultan Murad munda, Vladislav sinali kuti abwerezenso. "Kuchita Bwino" kwa Sultan nthawi ino ikugwira ntchito molakwika. Yanychars adasokonekera, ndikusowa wokwerayo ndikutseka kwambiri, ndikupha kavalo wake. Vladislav Kilearem idagwa padziko lapansi.
Anatha kufuula kuti: "Sultan Murad! Bambo ... ". Karaji Hyrari adanyalanyaza kulira kwake, namkhazika molakwitsa mwachangu, pomwepo pomuyika mutu wake ku thumba ndipo adampereka kwa Sultan. Onse amene atsagana ndi okwera amatsata mfumu yawo. Komabe, palibe amene adawona imfa iyi ndipo usiku wa Crusaders agona mumsasa molimba mtima kuti Mfumu ikhale yamoyo.
M'mawa, Mutu wa Mutu-womwe unachitikira pa mkondo, womwe wasonyezedwa pamaso pa maudindo awo a akhristu okhala ndi ankhondo a Ottoman, amabala chisoni cha gulu lankhondo lankhondo. Pambuyo poyesa konse kuchotsa thupi la Mfumu Hunudi, gulu lankhondo lidzadutsa m'mapiri ndipo lidzafika ku Hunga masiku awiri. Komabe, pamakhala kutali kwambiri ndi onse, akuluakulu ambiri adzagwa pansi pa Yatagans of the mdani, m'magawo a madambo, mitsinje ndi mapiri omwewo.
Zotsatira za Nkhondo
Akuluakulu a mfumu ya Mfumu Kingdom adzaikidwa ndi mchombo chagalasi, lidzakhala mu bursa. Kenako, mwa mawu a serb, omwe anali ku Ottoman, Murad adzampatsa monga mphatso kwa kolifa ku Cairo.
Tiyenera kunena kuti tsogolo la Julian Conarinni, yemwe adakopa Vladislava kuti athetse lumbiro, nawonso anali achisoni kwambiri. Anayesa, ndikugulira ndi golide, kumapeto kwa tsiku loyamba la nkhondo "kuti atuluke chete" kudzera mu chithaphwi, limodzi ndi ankhondo okhulupilika kwa wolemba ntchito wake R.Ekins, - "adapezeka m'madambo a maliseche ndikuvulazidwa"
Zachisoni kwambiri zinatha kuphwanya, - kulowerera papa ndi Venice kunapangitsa kuti ku Poland abwerere ku Poland, yemwe anamwalira, naweruza kuwonongedwa kwa Byzantium. Posakhalitsa, Serbia, a Valasia, Bulgaria ndi Albania adzatembenuzidwanso. Anthu onse aku Balkan adzakhala olamulira a Ottoman kwazaka zambiri.
Mabuku ndi Magwero
- N. Zhigalova "kumenyedwa m'malo a fuko la anthu 1444 komanso zotsatira zake" (zochokera ku zinthu za magwero a magwero a ku Poland ndi Serbia).
- A Masinmed NESHRRY "Yokhazikitsidwa pa Kuwala: Mbiri ya Ottoman Croman."