Kukakamiza mizinda yochokera kumizinda yomwe imathandizira kwambiri ntchito ya amayi apanyumba, chifukwa kuphika pachitofu cha gasi ndikosavuta kuposa kuphika pamiyendo kapena kegaz. Kusamutsa zipinda za Boiler ndi TPPs kuchokera ku malasha kapena mafuta mafuta pa gasi kwasintha kwambiri zachilengedwe za derali.
Kusowa kwa Gaza ku Mapaipi am'mimba nthawi yomweyo, TPP idzasiya kugwira ntchito, zomwe zimatanthawuza kutentha ndipo magetsi asiya, adzagwa pama grid onse amphamvu, kutentha kwa nyumba kumazimitsidwa, moyo mu Mzindawu uleka.
Kodi mbiriyakale ya matenda ndi chiyani, kodi malo opangira mizinda yayikulu ndi yotani m'nthawi yathu ino?
Ku USSR, matenda adayamba mu 1940s.
Mu 1942, ntchito yomanga mapaipi a Saratow-Moscow idayamba. Payipi iyi yamagesi iyi, 840 km kutalika, idamalizidwa mu Julayi 1946. Ntchito yomanga L. P. Beria idayang'aniridwa, ndipo mwina ikunena kuti ndandanda yomanga idawonedwa molondola komanso yolimba kwambiri. Mapaipi a gasiyi adapereka mamita 1 miliyoni a mpweya pachaka, kutenthetsa ndalama zotenthetsera, matani 100,000 a mafuta amoto, matani 650,000 a malasha .
Mu 1944 anayamba kumangidwa, ndipo mu 1946 mapaipi a Daphava-Kiev Paipeline adamalizidwa, omwe amapereka mpweya wachilengedwe kuchokera kumadzulo kwa Ukraine ku likulu la Republic. Kenako mu 1950 kupitirira kwapakatikati pa bomba ili kumangidwa ku Moscow. Paipi yamagesi inapereka pafupifupi mamita awiri miliyoni a mpweya wachilengedwe pachaka.
Kuyambira m'ma 1950s, ophatikizidwa adapitilira kuthamanga. Mu 1960s, mizinda yayikulu ya Ussr idakhazikitsidwa. Malo a Kerogoz ndipo amayambira kukhitchini adatulutsa ma stove. Kerosene Funch ndi khitchini yapita, masitombo agesi amagwira ntchito kwambiri komanso chokhazikika kwambiri, ndipo mainumbi amaloledwa kupanga mbale zatsopano, bakha.
Kodi ndi digiri yanji ya kugunda kwa mizinda ya Russia komwe kulipo?
Kwa zaka 14 zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa gasi lochuluka ndi 14% ndikufika pa 70.1%, kuyambira 2005 mpaka 2019 mapaipi oposa 2000 adamangidwa ndi km zoposa 32,000. Maboma aboma mpaka 2025 afunsira mpaka 95% ya malo onse, omwe ali ndi luso lolumikizana.
Zomwe zili lero ndi zoterezi - ma networks ogawa mpweya akukula ndipo amamangidwa pamenepo, komwe sanali kale, omwe sanali kudya mpweya m'midzi ndi malo achigawo. Koma mu megalopolis mu nyumba zina zatsopano palibe mpweya, monga ma stove amagetsi kukhitchini.
Kutembenuka ma network kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kukakamizidwa, malo, kuya kwakukuru.
Kukakamiza Kukakamiza:
- Mapaipi ambiri osokoneza bongo (0.3 mpaka 1.2 MPA) amathandizidwa ndi magesi oyang'anira mpweya wa sing'anga ndi mafakitale.
- Mapaipi apakati yapakatikati (oposa 0.005 mpaka 0.3 MPA) amakhala ndi njira zochepa zopanikizira, zomangira zazing'ono ndi zothandizira.
- Mapaipi otsika (mpaka 5000 pa) amapereka mafuta kwa ogula payekhapayekha ndi zofunikira.
. 5000 pa = 0.05 kgf / sq. Cm.
Malo ogawapo:
- wakunja kapena mkati;
- Parrestrial kapena mobisa.
Kugawika pakuya kwa mapaipi am'mapapo am'mapapo, malingana ndi malamulo:
- Pansi pa konkriti yolimba kapena phula lokutidwa - osachepera 0,8 m;
- M'madera omwe ali ndi "Nthaka" - osachepera 0,9 m;
- mpaka 1.5 metres - gasi wamagesi wa gasi yowuma (kutengera dothi lozizira - komanso mwakuya);
- Kuyambira 0,6 metres - m'matauni, malinga ndi kusowa kwa mayendedwe kumatsimikiziridwa.
Kodi masheya achilengedwe ndi otani?
Mipweya yonse yofufuzidwa lero, malo osungirako ma gasi achilengedwe akuti ali ndi zaka 187.3 thililiyoni. mita mita.
Pafupifupi 25% ya malo osungira ma gasi padziko lonse lapansi ndi Russian. Iran ikhale ndi 17.09% ya malo osungira, ndi Qatar - 12.20%. Kupitilira apo ndi USA, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenistan ndi UAE.
Malinga ndi OPC, 3946.1 biliyoni miyambo ya mpweya pachaka amapangidwa chaka chilichonse - tidakali ndi katundu wabwino. Koma taganizirani kuposa izi zomwe zingasinthidwe - ndizofunikira.
Kodi ndingasinthe bwanji mpweya womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mphamvu? Atomic vatesnist neutrons? Malo a Mormonchir?
Tsogolo lidzawonetsa, ngakhale kuti palibe nyumba yamateyo ndipo siikudziwika kuti, koma kwambiri zomwe zingachitike, zomwe zimawerengedwa kuti sizikulemeretsa ndi njira yosinthira - amangidwa kale. Chifukwa chake, Uranium ya anders, mwadzidzidzi timakhala nthawi zambiri zochulukirapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwonjezere kuchuluka kwamagetsi.
Pakadali pano, akubwera kukhitchini, ambiri aife timapita pachimbudzi cha gasi ndikutembenukira pa burner kuphika chakudya chamasana. Chinthu chachikulu ndi mpweya womwe umapaipi.
Magetsi sangatero. Koma kotero kuti kulibe mafuta - zowonadi sizinthu ngati izi!
Wolemba - Igor Vadimov
Gwero - Springzhizni.ru.