Chochitika chosafunikira chofunikira kwambiri chinali kupezeka kwa dipuloma ya birchy ya XI-XV zaka zambiri. Dziko lonse linawululidwa kwa ofufuza mukamawaphunzira.
Pezani dipuloma yoyamba ya Birchy mu 1951 pazaka zofukulidwa zakale m'ma Novgorod. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mu mzinda wakale uno unapeza kuwerenga 1,100 kokha kokha. Mu zaka zotsatira, zopezeka zamtengo wapatali zinaonekera kunkhondo zakale, Torzeke stelensk, Pskov, tver ndi mizinda ina yakale ya ku Russia ku Russia, Ukraus ndi Belarus.
Ma dipuloma a Novgorod Birchy ndi zasayansi
Unali Novgorod kuti kuchuluka kwa kuwerenga kwa Birchy kuwerenga kwa Birchy kunapezeka, ndipo, chifukwa cha zovuta za nthaka yakwanuko, adasungidwa bwino.
Mwinanso, okhala m'gulu lakale ku Beres pa Beres sanaganizire china chofunikira - atawerenga nthawi zambiri ankatayidwa, nthawi zina amasungunuka - monga anthu amakono amabwera ndi mapepala osafunikira.
Magawo a Berestov yosakanikirana ndi zinyalala zina, zomwe akatswiri ofukula zakale a m'zaka za zana la 20 ndi kale mawonekedwe achikhalidwe. Pafupifupi zaka chikwi zakhala zikugwirizana kwambiri padziko lapansi, mathipusi amakungwa, pamaso pa ofufuzawo adapezeka.
Phunziro la penti limaloledwa kupeza zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, kwa nthawi yayitali, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti panali chilankhulo chimodzi, chomwe chinanenedwa ndi Apulogalamu onse Akum'mawa, omwe amafalitsidwa kuchokera ku Center Center - Slavic Pranodina.
Komabe, zopitilira muyeso zomwe zikusowa ku Russia zidapezeka mu kalasi ya Bershamnaya ya XI-xii zaka zambiri. Koma analogiyu a chilankhulo chinapezeka kuchokera ku Slovaks ndi Alolemu.
Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha madipuloma, zidapezeka komwe Novgorod Slavs amachokera. Chiphunzitso cha ma slavs ogwirizana adafunsidwa. Ngati kulibe chilankhulo chimodzi, kodi anthu achi Russia akanatha kukhala odziwika?
Kuwerenga kwa kuwerenga kunatha kukhala miyala
Bereta, yomwe idapangidwa ndi khungwa la birch idapezeka kwa aliyense. Zolemba, m'malo mwake, kukwapulidwa kwa makalata kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuthwa kapena ndodo yamafupa - "analemba."
Mu mizinda yakale ya ku Russia, kuwerenga kuwerenga kumeneku kunaphunzitsidwa kuyambira ubwana, nthawi zambiri kumakomoka. Popeza anali atakwanitsa kulemba zilembozi, anawo adavomerezedwa kuti alembetsenso mizere ya Masalimo - yophunziridwa malinga ndi Psaltiri - Limodzi mwa mabuku a m'Baibulo, omwe ali ndi nkhondo ya m'Baibulo, lomwe lili ndi nkhondo zakale.
Makalata ambiri, monga mawu, amasiyana kwambiri kuchokera pachilankhulo cha Russia. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, makalata amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati manambala. Mwachitsanzo, "AZ" amatanthauza nambala yani. Zikatero, chizindikiro chapadera chinayikidwa pa kalata - Titlo.
Mu 1956, kuwerenga maphunziro angapo a XIII m'zaka za XIII kunapezeka ndi zojambula ndi zolembedwa zopangidwa ndi Onener wazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Tsitsani mwana Olima, Novgorod, 1240-1260Za chilichonse padziko lapansi
Maziko ambiri opezeka ndi birchy, kwenikweni, zolemba za bizinesi: malipoti pamasamu, zolemba zamalonda, malipoti pa ntchito, ngongole.
Pali makonda achichepere, ophatikizika ophatikizika omwe amaperekedwa, ndikutumiza makalata achinsinsi. Nthawi zambiri, ndakatulo, mapemphero, ndalama kapena ziwombole zidalembedwa pa Bereste.
Zolemba
Kazembe wa Novngolood anatembenuza ulaliki wa akazi ku Russia wakale ku Russia asanachitike: Slavs anatumiza manja alala, amatha kukhala ngati ochita zachinyengo kapena amachita zinthu zachichuma kapena kuchita zinthu zachuma. M'modzi mwa dipuloma, mkazi amalanda Semyon:
"Tikadakhala kuti tidangodziwa zonse ndikundidikirira. Ndipo ndine chikwama. "
Ku Boris ina kumafunsa mkazi wake nstasyana kuti amutumize "lurch", ndiye kuti, malaya adamuyiwala. Mwa zina kupeza - kuzindikira mwachidule komanso mwachangu kuti Nikita adapanga Anna:
"Ndiuzeni, Az Phyu. Ndipo iwe. "Ma disdicas a Berkinic zimapangitsa kuti zimvetsetse bwino momwe akatswiri amasamalirira - zokhumba zawo, chisamaliro, zachisoni komanso chisangalalo. Izi zitha kufaniziridwa kokha ndi chozizwitsa kapena makina a nthawi.