Ndendende 40 zaka 40 zapitazo, February 1181, ku Poland kunalibe kanthu monga chochita chodziwika: Prime Minister adasinthidwa. Silovik, mtumiki wa dziko la National oules Yaoles Yarzelky adakhala wapampando watsopano wa khonsolo. M'mbuyomu dzikolo linali kuyembekezera zopindika za mtedza, malamulo ander, amayang'ana kwambiri gawo la mphamvu zonse mdziko lapansi ndipo pafupifupi zaka zotsutsa mphamvu ndi gulu laboma. 42.Tut.by za izi.
Poland in the Milesy: The Goden The ndi Ngongole
Miyezi isanuyo inakhala m'badwo womwewo wagolide wa anthu aku Poland. Kampaniyo idamva mphamvu zake: ziwonetsero zazikulu za ogwira ntchito pagombe la Baltic, ngakhale mphamvu ndikusankhidwa kuti kuwombera mtsogoleri wa PPP (fanizo la CPUDUVA) Vladislav Gombe) Vladislav Gomalka. Malowa ake adatengedwa ndi Helo la Edwal Edwal.Boma linatulutsa molunjika pakhomo, ndipo "thaw" ndi maluwa a chikhalidwe chinayamba ku Poland. Angey Waida ndi Kshyshtof Zanyssy, Daniel Oltykh ndi Barbara Brrlk adawombera, Anna Hermann Sang ndi Anna Chorter. Brewery ya Warsaw idakhala yoyamba ku Soviet Clock of Coca-Cola, ndi Poland Moscow sizinalepheretse: makumi asanu ndi awiri anali nthawi yotulutsa "zotulutsa" ndi West, ndi mphamvu yakusokoneza Satelates atagonjetsedwa ndi "Prague" mu 1968, Brezhnev sanayesere.
Koma mlandu wazachuma wa Poland sizinachite kanthu. Malo opanga mafakitale, dziko limafunikiranso ukadaulo wopangidwanso - komanso ndalama za izi, utsogoleri wa PP adasankha kutenga kumadzulo, osati zothandizira mu Soclil Block. Chuma cha pnp chinasefukira ndi ndalama: Amayembekezera kuti posachedwa ngongole zonse zitha kupereka chifukwa cha phindu lowonjezereka.
Komabe, zaka khumi zapitazo, ngongole zatha kudziwa zakuthambo za $ 20 biliyoni, ndipo phindu silinawonekere: chifukwa cha ziphuphu, zamakono komanso zamakono zachuma "zapamwamba" zatha. Ndalama zomwe zatulutsidwa muchuma ngati kusungunuka popanda kubweretsa zomwe mukufuna.
Sizinali zofunikira kuwerengera mayiko akumadzulo kuti alembere mbiri: iwonso anali ovuta ngakhale atakumana ndi vuto la mafuta. Soviet Union singafune kupulumutsa chuma cha ku Poland. Zotsatira zake, pofika kumapeto kwa ma 70s, "m'badwo wagolide" ndi kwadzidzidzi ndipo mwachilengedwe, Poland anali pafupi kugwa kwachuma.
Mashelufu anali opanda kanthu m'masitolo, chilichonse chomwe chingatumizidwe chotumidwacho chinatumiza kunja, mitengo yake (yomwe inali yachikhalidwe chonse ndi chuma chokonzekera). Ogwira ntchito adadzukanso ku zionetsero. Kuwombera sanapitirizebe, koma okonda kutsatiridwa, achotsedwa ntchito, ndi kuwunika mu theka lachiwiri la makumi asanu ndi awiriwo adakhala chizolowezi. Poyankha, anzeru anzeru adapanga komiti yoteteza ufulu wa anthu kapena kor (komitet obrony Robotników).
Kugunda ndi mgwirizano
Tsiku la Chizindikiro linali Julayi 1, 1980 - patsikuli boma lidachulukitsa mitengo ya nyama. Ogwira ntchitoyo sanabene: Kenako adasamukira ku Gdansk: pamenepo, mothandizidwa ndi Kor, gulu lotsogola lazungu lidapangidwa motsogozedwa ndi zamagetsi zotengera zombo za Leke. Chiwerengero cha omenyera chidawerengeredwa ndi mazana masauzande, m'mbiri iyi zochitikazo zidaphatikizidwa ngati Chipolish August. Nthawi ino alcrieria ndi ogwira ntchito adachita pamodzi.
Komiti yopita ndi kor inapanga maliro 21 ofunira ogwira ntchito kwa olamulira - makamaka kwachuma - mpaka kumayambiriro kwa makhadi agolora. Nthawi yomweyo, mabungwe amalonda oyima m'malo mwake, ndipo ufulu woyenera kugunda, ndi chidziwitso chodalirika pazachuma cha anthu, komanso kutenga nawo gawo pazofunikira kusintha.
Chinsinsi cha Mabungwe Oyimira Oyimira Pa September 17, Makomiti Omenyera Chipolishi adalengeza kuti mayanjano awo - odziyimira pawokha - olimba mtima ", zomwe pambuyo pake zidakhala nthano. Maluwa ake nthawi zonse "adavotera mapazi awo": Anthu 7 miliyoni (Lachisanu mwa anthu) adalembedwa mu mgwirizano watsopano wa miyezi ingapo), pomwe anthu achikomyuni mamiliyoni atatu. Mitundu ya Lech idakhala tcheyamani. NOVEMBER 10
Pnp pnp Curterlo. "Mabwalo" owombera, odulidwa ndi mphamvu yotayika kwambiri, magitsezi sanathe kugwira ntchito motsutsana ndi unyinji wogwira ntchito, porp ya alonda "sanafune kuti agwirizane.
Kuchita "Pendulum" kwa Ogasiti-September adawomberedwa kangapo, ndipo zinthu zinalengedwa ndi Awiri: Kumbali imodzi, atsogoleri a PPP adazindikira bwino kwa ogwira ntchito (poyamba, a Chilengedwe chamalonda chamalonda odziyimira, chomwe chinapangitsa kuti "mgwirizano"), ndi wina - herlek herlek adasiya ntchito, ndikusintha Kanya pa Stanislav yokhazikika. Wotsirizayo sanakhale wa "konkriti konkriti", woimira munthu wowoneka bwino, wokonzeka kuchita ndi chikwapu, ndi gingerb. Komabe, zinali zodziwikiratu kuti nthawi yomwe munthu ameneyo adzayamba. Ndipo adayamba.
Mavuto a olamulira anali akulu kwambiri kotero kuti sizikudziwika, zomwe ungakhale utsogoleri womwe ukanawatsogolera - kukhulupirika kwa asitikali sikunatsimikiziridwe. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mu Ogasiti mu Ogasiti, zokambirana zoyambirira zidayamba pa chiyambi cha magulu ankhondo a Soviet ku Poland. USSR sinathe kutayika ku Satellite wa Ussr: Panalibe gulu lamphamvu kwambiri la magulu asitikali a Soviet ku Germany, panali chiopsezo cha kutaya mafuta "chitoliro" chachikulu (ndi kunja kwa mafuta a Mgwirizanowu unali wovuta kuchokera ku makumi asanu ndi awiri).
Komabe, kulowerera kwakukulu kwa Moscow nthawi imeneyo kunali kosafunikira, ngati sichoncho: dzikolo linali lozama kwambiri pa nkhondo ya Afghan, ndipo pa "kutsogolo" kwa Union wa Service Utsogoleriwo osawotcha. Mu USSR, ndakatulo yomvetsa chisoni idabadwa:
Pany ndi pandi,
Mverani Kanya,
Kenako nkucha
Ndipo zidzakhala ngati Afghanistan ...
Komabe, kuchitiridwa zinthu kwa "mgwirizano" ndi kukula kophulika kwa nambala yake kunali kokwiyitsa kwambiri ndi utsogoleri wa chipani cha Soviet ndi "konkriti" ya PPP. Oimira "alonda akale" a phwandolo, mgwirizano wamalonda, ngati fupa la pakhosi, ndipo chindapusa kwa iye m'chilimwe chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi chopweteka, koma osakhalitsa.
Pan Yarazsky
Munthawi ya nkhondo yozizira ya okonzanso ndi mapiko a Conservative pa February 11, 1981, Wapampando wa Council of Atumiki a Poland, Duwa la Chitetezo cha Dziko Lonse ). Kusankhidwa pachinsinsi chofunikira cha foloko yachitetezo sikunachedwedwe: Asitikali omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pagulu labwino ndipo kudalirika konse kwa PPP. M'malo mwake, munthu amene sakhala wa "konkriti" sankawoneka kuti sanali m'busa wamkulu kwambiri yemwe mungachite bizinesi.
Komabe, anthu ku Yarazlsky anali olakwitsa. Inde, analibe phwando lolimba, kukhala moyo wake wonse wogwirizana ndi gulu lankhondo. Mkulu wa Shanteekesita, adasamukira ku Lithuania kupita ku Lithuania ali ndi zaka 16, kuchokera komwe Republic ku Ussr adagwirizana ndi mawu a Siberia. Ndidayikapo bambowo, adawononga mapiri a diso patchire (yomwe ikadakhala magalasi amdima), koma pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yachiwiri idatha kujowina zigawo za Chipolishi zomwe zidapangidwa ku USSR. Munkhondo, Yarazsky adapita ndi ankhondowo kuti awone Elbe pawokha, kenako anapitilizabe ntchito yawo yankhondo.
Pamapeto pa makumi asanu ndi limodzi, Yarzulsky, kukhala m'busa wa chitetezo chamtundu wa dziko, adalandira koyamba kulowa ankhondo kuti asunge alemo: 24 mabulogu chikwi adatenga nawo gawo logawidwa "Prafha". Patatha zaka ziwiri, asitikali akupukuta chifukwa cha chidziwitso cha Yaraelsky adachita nawo mbali poyendetsa ziwonetsero pagombe la Baltic - ndiye kuti anthu 46 adamwalira. Chifukwa chake gwiritsani ntchito mphamvu pokonzekera uthenga watsopano unali, makamaka, osati woyamba. Komanso, sizingatheke kuti zilekeredwe pakati pa "mgwirizano" ndi olamulira: Gwero loyamba, lachiwiri pambuyo poti chivomerezo choyambirira chidaletsedwa ndipo sanafune kusintha. Polands Poland idakumana ndi yofanana, timakumbukira kuti dzikolo lidagwirizana ndi vuto la 1981 chifukwa cha zovuta za 1981 chifukwa cha zovuta, ndalama zomwe zakhalapo kale padziko lonse lapansi zidachepa 15%.
Njira Zachuma Zomwe Boma linadzipereka kuti lithetse vutoli mu ziwonetsero za ziwonetsero zazikulu, sizinali zoyambirira kwambiri: kuti tipewe kuchepa, Yarraelskisky adaperekanso mitengo yamafuta ndi mafuta. Chofanana ndi chisamaliro chofananacho, chomwe chimabisalira kumbuyo kwa zomwe democratic amasinthira, ndipo anati "mphamvu ya anthu siyingaperekedwe, mphamvu ya boma, ndipo silichokera."
Mu 1981, utsogoleri wa PP pang'onopang'ono amakonda kwambiri mtundu wamphamvu: ntchito za "mgwirizano" zomwe zidakwiyitsa kwambiri, ndipo kufunikira kwake kusinthana kwachuma ndi zisankho zaulere) mwachindunji anaopseza modzoza kwa anthu achikomini achikoleshi kuti aziyang'anira dzikolo.
Panthawiyo, panjira, funso la kulowererapo kwa Soviet silinadalipo kwambiri: mwachitsanzo, panali "a Grey Cardinal" Sabzhuro Mikhal Syshev, kudwala kwambiri kuyambitsa ankhondo). Zowona, gulu la anthu, kukana kwa mwayiwu kunayamba pambuyo pake.
Kwa Disembala, mgwirizano wakonzekera ziwonetsero zazikulu pa tsiku lokumbukira kubwezeretsa mu 1970. Ndipo apa Yarzelsky, omwe amayang'ana kwambiri panthawi yonse yamphamvu mdzikolo (Okutobala 18, adasinthira Kanyeledwe Koyambirira kwa PPP) adayambitsidwa mdzikolo. Pa Disembala 12, ma voivodes onse (achigawo) a apolisi adalandira maenvulopu omwe amasungidwa kuchokera ku March - ndiye kuti, amangoyikidwa kumeneko patatha mwezi umodzi atasankhidwa kwa Wojcaja.
M'maenvulopu omwe ali ndi ma envulopu: Kuwongolera njira zonse zolumikizirana, wailesi, wailesi yakanema, kuti athetseretuna onse a "mgwirizano" wa "Udiartity", zomwe zimatha kufikira. Mwalawala wogwidwa ukakhala mabodza, buku lina la malonda ogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo mbiri yoyamba ija ya EdArd Edard. Boma lidatseka malire, kulenga mabungwe onse aboma, nkhani ya onse apautotoal.
Kuyambitsidwa kwa usilikali kwambiri kukhala apolisi ambiri m'zaka za zana la 20: Anthu 10,000 okha ndi omwe anali antchito a Zomo (kenako apolisi aku Poland). Ndi ankhondo okwana 250,000 akasinja zikwi zingapo ndi zonyamulira zonyamula zida. Linachedwekana kwambiri ndi anthu pafupifupi 5,000, posakhalitsa adawonjezeka kwa iwo.
"Mkhalidwe wa ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba" adapangitsa kuti ogwira ntchito ndi anyakuyalime, akuwalengeza potsutsa. Mphamvu mdziko muno idasamukira ku Grance Council of National Revice (WojsSkowa Rada OCAleowelowelo, Dron). M'mawu awa onena za Yeazelsky adati: "Ndimalankhula mawu awa okakamizidwa, pofalitsa aboma, kusokoneza chilamulo, pakuwononga Zachigawiro, pakuwononga chuma. , ndikuti mphamvuzi zaopseza mgwirizano ndi chitetezo cha dzikolo. Ndimaimba mlandu anthu awa pakugwiritsa ntchito molakwika kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri owona mtima amangokhalira zoopsa.
Pambuyo pake, a Woaraelsky adanenanso kuti adayambitsa lamulo lankhondo lokha ndi cholinga choletsa utsogoleri wa mayiko a Soviet. Masiku ano, pakapita zaka zambiri, palibe umboni wotsogolera kuti akonzekere za asitikali sanapezeke - ndizachidziwikire kuti malamulo andewu adakonzedwa pasadakhale.
Kutsutsa kwa anthu kunatha kupondereza nthawi yomweyo. Ogwira ntchito adatenga mabizinesi makumi a Warsaw, Gdansk, wapansi ndi wapansi ndi mizinda ina. Nthawi zambiri, asitikali ndi Zomo anagwira ntchito motere: chipata cha bizinesi yoboola, kenako chitetezo champhamvu mkati, ndikukankhira fakitale. Pakachitika kukana, pa "nkhuni" yanga ku Silesia, Zomo idatsegula moto kwa ogwira ntchito m'minda yamakina - anthu asanu ndi anayi adamwalira. Ku Gdansk, chionetserochi chimabalalitsa monga nsembe zina zitatu.
Zotsatira zake, pofika kumapeto kwa chaka, kukana kwa mgwirizano kumatha kupondereza. Popanda utsogoleri pakati, mamiliyoni a ochirikiza omwe adachoka pansi pobisalira "sakanakhoza kupanga nkhanza zogwira ntchito mogwira mtima. Mapu a Yarozelksky adasewera ndipo kwa nthawi yayitali adakonzera kukhalapo kwa Coland Poland.
Mitengo yotsatiridwa monga momwe angakwanitse. Zogawana ndi mgwirizano, ku Italy kumachitika kuntchito, zopepuka ndi zikwangwani, anti-boma graffiti. Chidule cha maron chikufanana ndi mawu oti marona (khwangwala), ndipo pamakoma nthawi zambiri amalemba mawu oti "," nthawi yanu, masika athu ". Kutseka graffiti adatumiza magulu apadera.
Chifukwa chake, "shrimp" poland, Yaraelskyky ndi malo okhalamo ake sakanatha "chete" chuma. Mu February 1982, mtengo wa chakudya umawonjezeka ndi 241 peresenti, pofika 17% - pamagetsi ndi kutentha. Mabizinesi omwe anasankha oyang'anira asitikali kuti 'alimbikitse kulangidwa ndi ntchito za ntchito' - monga momwe anathandizira, ndizovuta kuweruza.
Zochitika Zankhondo zinafika mpaka pa Julayi 22, 1983, zinali za moyo woposa anthu zana ndipo sanathetse vuto lililonse. Umboni womwe wagonja womwe udagonja womwe udagawika utapitilirabe ntchito mobisa, kudalirika kwa anthu ku PPP kunayamba kuchitika zero, ndipo chuma sichinathandizire chuma cha wobwezeretsa wosinthika. Komabe, PNR yatenga zaka zingapo zochepa - pafupifupi mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka khumi. Yazareilsky Mwiniyo anapatsa mphamvu kwa Lehu yemweyo ndipo amakhala mpaka 2014. Tut.by.