Pa Marichi 11, 2021, ndendende zaka 10 zangozi ku Fukushima zimachitika. Chivomerezichi ndi tsunami idawonongeka ku kachitidwe kozizira pa zinayi za fukushima-daiti rausers, kenako mpaka kuphulika ndikugawa kuipitsidwa kwa ma radia. Mu 2016, utumiki wachuma wa Japan ukuyerekeza kuwonongeka kuchokera ku ngozi yanyukiliya pa $ 195 biliyoni, chifukwa ndiye kuti mtengo wake umangowonjezeka.
Tsoka la atomu yamtendereKuchepetsa ngozi kukuchitikabe m'boma la Japan, kumakhulupirira kuti kutaya zinyalala za radiost chikangochitika mpaka $ 6 biliyoni ndipo adzatsirizidwa pakati pa zaka zana zapitazo. Koma awa ndi zinyalala zokhazokha zomwe zimapangidwa zaka 10. Kuphatikiza pa iye, alipobe owonongerapo ndalama zomwe zimakhala zikwizikwi za zinyalala zozizwitsa kwambiri, komanso madzi oyipitsidwa. Kugwa komaliza, cholinga cha olamulira achi Japan adayamba kukonzanso madzi munyanja yomwe idapangitsa kuti padziko lonse lapansi. Kwa zaka zingapo, matani mazana ambiri a madzi opaka ma radi adagulidwa tsiku ndi tsiku kuchokera ku zinthu zowonongeka, koma mu 2022, zotengera pakusungidwa kwake zimakwaniritsidwa. Pang'onopang'ono madzi amachotsedwa, koma chipongwe chojambulidwa sichingaseweredwe, chifukwa chake pali kale zinyalala zamagetsi.
Pakadali pano, asodzi atachoka ku gombe la Japan adagwira nsomba zojambula.
Pambuyo pa ngoziyi, boma la Japan lidathetsa dongosolo la magetsi, zomwe zidaperekedwa kwa magetsi 53% ya magetsi pa NPP mwa 2030. Magetsi ambiri a nyukiliya mdziko muno sanagwiritsidwe ntchito. kugwada kwambiri. Koma Japan adatsimikizira mgwirizano wa Paris ndipo adalengeza kuti anali kulowerera ndale pofika pakati pa zaka za zana, omwe adzafunikire kukana kwa mafuta oyambira. Ngakhale zikukambirana mosakankhasi, ndizotheka kukwaniritsa zolinga zanyengo popanda atomiki, boma silikuthamangira kumanga chomera cha nyukiliya. Panjira yokonzekera kukwaniritsa Paris Paris, boma la Japan limanena za "kuchepetsa gawo la mphamvu zama atomiki momwe mungathere", komanso cholinga chofunafuna mphamvu. Mu 2019, gawo la mphamvu ya atomiki ku Japan linali 6%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa magwero apamwamba ndi pafupifupi 19%. M'malo mwake, momwe mphamvu zoyambiranso zidzayambitsire, kukhalapo kwamphamvu kwa nyukiliya kumatengera.
Dzuwa la atomiki la atomikiNgoziyo pa Fukushima sizinayambitse kutsekedwa kwamphamvu kwa nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi. Mayiko angapo asintha malingaliro awo kuti azipanga zojambulazo, angapo adaganiza zokana mphamvu ya atomiki moyambirira - koma ambiri, malingaliro oterowo anali a Fukushima. Ndipo amalumikizidwa osati kwambiri ndi mantha a ngozi, koma ndi mtengo wambiri wa mphamvu zamtunduwu, kuphatikizapo kusatsimikizika kothetsa mtengo wa nyukiliya. Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri ndi Germany, komwe mu 2022 adzayatsa chomera champhamvu cha nyukiliya chomaliza. Zaka makumi awiri zapitazo m'chilengedwe chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi cha "atomu, lero chosungirako zamagetsi chomwe chimakhala ndi malo aku Germany pamapangidwe a Germany pa Exmaning. Kusankha kukana mphamvu ya atomiki kupangidwa ku Germany ngakhale kumapeto kwa zaka za XXI. Dongosolo la zotulutsa zotulutsa zomwe zimavomerezedwa zidavomerezedwa, momwe adalemba kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimaloledwa kuti zithetse izi kapena zomwe zisanafike pa zifukwa za chitetezo cha nyukiliya.
Pafupifupi ngozi ya nyukiliya ku Japan, chisangalalo cha Merkel chinali chogwirizana ndi makampani amphamvu achi Germany kuti achedwetse kuchotsedwa kwa magetsi a nyukiliya. Koma ngoziyo ku Japan, izi zidasakatu ndikubweranso zolinga zakale, zovomerezeka 10 Fukushima.
Chifukwa chotero, tili pa nthawi yaukadaulo wapadziko lonse wa mafakitale anyukiliya - mayiko onse omwe atchulidwapo ngati chitsanzo cha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu ya atomiki, ndi liwiro limodzi kapena liwiro la ilo litakana. Mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri ya nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi malinga ndi voliyumu yake imalowa munthawi ya misa komanso yotulutsa ndalama zotsika mtengo kuchokera ku opareshoni, pomwe m'malo mwake sizimangokhala. Ku France, yomwe idakhala ndi imodzi mwazizindikiro zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi zomwe zimayambitsa nyuzipepala zamphamvu za nyukiliya (zopitilira 70%), pali mapulani ogulitsa a nyukiliya, ndipo mulibe mapulani awo m'malo. Munjira yachiwerewere, kutsindika sikuli pa NPP yatsopano, koma chifukwa cha mphamvu zapamwamba. Japan, pomwe fukushima asanakhale, pafupifupi theka la mphamvu yomwe idapangidwa paanthu, tsopano akufuna kuchepetsa gawo la atomiki momwe mungathere.
Tsopano ku Russia!Tsopano mudzadabwa, koma ngakhale ku Russia chitukuko cha ma atomiki omwe chatsala pang'ono kutha.
ROSATOM Yogwirizira 11 zomera za nyukiliya ku Russia, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ma 37. Kuphatikiza apo, malo opangira maatomu akuti "Maphunzironiminical Lomonov" okhala ndi ma cell ang'onoang'ono a CLT-40 amagwira ntchito pa Chukotka. Mu 2020, gawo la mphamvu za nyukiliya za ku Russia popanga magetsi inali pafupifupi 20%.
Chomera chamagetsi chinayamba kulowa m'malo mwa bilibino npp
Malo otayika a atomiki akuyenera kuti awonekere mmbuyo mu 2008, ntchitoyo idachedwa kwa zaka zoposa 10. Akatswiri azachilengedwe adatcha polojekiti "yamtengo wapatali ya sarnobyl" chifukwa chodetsa nkhawa za chitetezo ndi nyukiliya.
Mu 2020, panali atatu omwe ali ku zolaula ndi lenirad pomanga. Magetsi awa adapangidwa kuti alowetse mtundu wakale wa Chernobyl Vomber (RBMK-1000), yomwe pang'onopang'ono imachokera pakugwira ntchito. Ku Leingrad NPP, woyamba wa RBMK-1000 adayimitsidwa kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2018, kumapeto kwa 2020, awiri otsala olembedwa kuti asiye m'malo mwake, koma sizikumveka ngati zasinthidwa ndi wachitatu ndi wachinayi.
Mu ma Kiosterk NPP mukugwira ntchito pali mabatani anayi a Chernobyl. Woyambayo wakonzedwa kuti asiye kumapeto kwa 2021, chachiwiri - mu 2024, ndi awiri ena - mu 2028 ndi 2030. Kuti mulowe m'malo mwa 2018, ma projekiti awiri a Vver-Tei amapangidwira (kutengera mayankho a WWER-1200). Komanso, monga momwe leningrad npp, sizikudziwika ngati mabatani atsopano adzamangidwa.
Mapeto a Gutor Power Stric ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri yaukadaulo ndi ndalama, yomwe imangochitika ku Russia. Ngakhale 8 Zovala ndi mpaka 15 zidzaimitsidwa zaka 10 zikubwerazi. Mtengo womwe watulutsidwa kuchokera ku ntchito ya NPP sichidziwika. Makampani aku Russia akukhulupirira kuti idzatha kubweretsanso ma NPPs "a chiwongola dzanja chotsika mtengo" kuposa $ 10 biliyoni pa riyakitala pa riyakitala.
Ndipo palinso zinyalala za nyukiliyaZinyalala zoposa 500 miliyoni za zinyalala zomwe zakhala zikuchitika ku Russia, kuphatikizapo zinyalala zoposa 1 miliyoni za uranoin. Kuphatikiza apo, mpaka matani 25,000 amafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magetsi a nyukiliya amapezeka. Makampani opanga atomiki mapulani ofuna kukonzanso mafuta awa kuti akhazikitse zida za nyukiliya kuti zigwiritsenso ntchito. Komabe, ku Russia pali malo ochepa a Mphamvu, kotero izi zimatenga zaka makumi angapo. Komanso, mpaka pamapeto pake zikuwonekeratu kuti cholinga chokonzanso, popeza asakatulani aniva amafunika kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zida za zida za zida za nyukiliya, ndipo pali awiri a iwo ku Russia. M'modzi mwa awiriwa ndi okalamba kwambiri, ndipo wachiwiriyo adakhazikitsidwa m'ndende nthawi yomweyo ndipo ndi katswiri pakumanga, zomwe zidapitilira pafupifupi zaka zitatu. Kuphatikiza apo, kubwezeretsanso kwa mafuta a NPP ndi njira yovulaza kwambiri zachilengedwe, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zinyalala zochulukirapo.
Ku Russia, ndizovuta kwambiri kukhudzisa mphamvu ya atomiki - ndipo chilengedwe cha chilengedwe chimakakamizidwa, ndipo kutsutsa kwa atomiki kumafanana ndi akuluakulu aboma kuti athetse chidwi cha anthu. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chomwe kukhazikitsidwa koyamba kwa chilengedwe ku Russia ku Russia ku Registern Ogriws adakonzedwa ndi ntchito ya Ecostrastralogist yotsutsana ndi kapangidwe ka Baltic NPP. Zotsatira za izi ndi zofooka kwambiri pankhani zamakampani anyukiliya. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, oyang'anira a atomiki adatchulidwa chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa ngoziwa pa Fukushima, popeza kwa zaka zambiri za zaka zambiri pamavuto anyukiliya zokha, ndipo zikalatazo zidakhazikitsidwa. Rosatom ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera okhudzana ndi bungwe lofunikira kwambiri pafupi ndi Purezidenti wa Perin. Council of the State Corporation imatsogozedwa ndi woyang'anira wakale Sergei Kiriyenko, manejala masiku ano kuchokera ku Purezidenti wa Purezidenti wa dzikolo.
Mphamvu ya boma ili sikuti ndi chifukwa chokha kuti zimaphatikizapo kuwonjezera pa mafakitale aboma aboma. Komanso gawo la "geopoli la" geololical "lapadera, chifukwa kugulitsa maluso ndi mafuta a nyukiliya ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri champhamvu.
Mphamvu za atomikiRosatom akunena kuti imakulitsa 35 yatsopano ya atomiki ku maiko osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Mtengo wonse wa ntchitozi umaposa $ 130 biliyoni. Mu 2020, rostom adakonzekera kusaina mgwirizano wa nyukiliya ku Uzbekistan, koma zomwe zidaletsa mliri mliri. Komabe, kuwerengera pawokha kumawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya kumachitika. Kuyambira pa kasupe wa 2020, rosatom anali ndi mapangano opangira kapena ochita bwino 25. Ndipo mtengo wa mapangano anali pafupifupi $ 100 biliyoni. Komabe, ngakhale poganizira zizindikiro zotsika, rosatom amakhalabe wosewera wamkulu pamsika wa magpu a Neps padziko lapansi. Maboma a State, mosiyana ndi mpikisano wake wakunja, ali ndi mwayi wosagwirizana ndi ndalama za okhomera msonkho waku Russia akamabwera chifukwa chazofunikira zakunja. Ndalamazi zimawonetsedwa pansi pa mabanki ambiri m'mabanki, ndipo kubwerera kwa ndalamazi kumayenda nthawi yayitali mpaka kalekale. Popeza kuti ntchitozo nthawi zambiri zimakhazikitsidwa m'maiko osauka, zomwe mawu ake a ngongole sizimalola ndalama za NPP, chiyembekezo chobwerera ndalama zokhala ndi zopatsa chidwi ndipo ndizabwino. Sizosadabwitsa kuti kuyesa kukopa mphamvu za nyukiliya ku zamagetsi ku ndalama zilizonse, osati zokhudzana ndi oyang'anira aku Russia, polephera. Ngati chuma chachuma cha ntchito zapadziko lonse lapansi za rosatom chimatulutsa mafunso, kenako mogwirizana ndi "geopolinical" zambiri kapena zowonekeratu. Ntchito za NPP m'maiko osauka ndi chida chothandiza chomwe chimakupatsani mwayi wopanga kudalira matekinolojekiti a Russia, likulu ndi mayeso. Kufikira ocheperako, imagwiranso ntchito mu "ochezeka" ku Russia EU EU.
Zaka 10 pambuyo fukushima, tinapezeka padziko lapansi komwe injininjiniya wamagetsi amayamba kuchulukirachulukira. Mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene rosatomi anakhala malo okhala ndi zida za geopolitical ". Mayiko omwe atukuka akutsekeratu zomera za nyukiliya komanso, ngakhale ku Russia, zowonjezera kwambiri zimapangidwa kuti zikufunika kuti zisinthe zomwe zidachitika chifukwa chochita opareshoni. Ngati mumvera zolankhula za akuluakulu - timakhala ndi kubetcha ma atomiki. Ngati mukuweruzidwa ndi zochitika, ndizachidziwikire kuti mphamvu ya atomiki ya Kremlin imakhala yowonjezereka ndi chida cha mphamvu yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo chitukuko chake m'dziko lapadziko lonse lapansi chataya patsogolo. Izi zimawononga msonkho wa Russia osati $ 100 biliyoni pa chomera cha nyukiliya akunja. Choyamba, rosatom siyimayima. Kachiwiri, mayiko osauka adzatumizidwa ku Russia anatumiza mafuta a nyukiliya, mitundu imodzi ya zinyalala za nyukiliya zomwe zimapangidwa pa magetsi a nyukiliya. Ku Russia yokha, mpaka kumadzulo, kutha kwa apolisi akale a nyukiliya, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndi zinyalala zochulukirapo zanyukiliya.
Zaka 10-20 zotsatirazi zidzakhala nthawi yovuta kwambiri pazotsatira za atomiki. Ndipo nthawi ya zoopsa zomwe zimachitika mwachangu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kudzikundikira kwa zinyalala za nyukiliya. Chiwerengero cha zinthu zosungira chidzachuluka, zikutanthauza kuti zidzakhala zovuta kuti zitsimikizike, ndipo ziwopsezo za kutayikira kwa radiation zidzachuluka. Tikukhulupirira kuti Fukoshima yatsopano siyidzawonjezedwa ndi izi pazinthu imodzi ya rosotom ya geopolitical. Kupanda kutero muyenera kulipira zochulukirapo za izo.
Malingaliro a wolemba sangafanane ndi mawonekedwe a VITI.