Ndondomeko ya FEDED ingathenso kusinthitsa likulu pamisika yakutuluka, monga nthawi zambiri za miliri, nthawi zambiri anthu ambiri otukuka asiya kupemphera kwachuma: chinthu chachikulu m'mabulogu a Economist.
Nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa koyamba patsamba la chuma
Ngati kuthamanga kwa kukwera kwa invelation kumapangitsa kuti kudyetsa ku Fves akweze kubetcha, kuwomba kwamisika kumakhala kolimba makamaka, pulofesa wa Harvard Rogoffs achenjezedwa. Mu 2013, mantha m'misika yazachuma (Taper Tantrum) adayamba ku Fedrev adayamba kuyika mafayilo azomwe akubwera. Tsopano Fed akuchita zonse zotheka kutsimikizira msika kuti kwa nthawi yayitali sadzakhazikitsa ndondomekoyi, ndipo izi ndi zolondola, zolembedwa ndi ngongole zopitilira 2% phindu lina kuposa kuvulaza. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikadali ndi ntchito yopanda ntchito: Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa IMF, kuyambira Januware 2021, anali otanganidwa 9 miliyoni, koma ngati United States akwanitsa kupanga katemera wake ndipo Pofika chililimwe 2021. Katemera adzalandira anthu ambiri ndipo zingatheke kuletsa kufalikira kwa coronavirus, Fedreeve angaganizirenso zomwe zikubwera chifukwa chokweza mitengo. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kotsika, koma kuwonongeka kwakuthwa kumatha kuthamanga kukwera mitengo. "Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwazachuma ndikosapeweka, koma adzathandiza kuti achoke ku Months osati zombo zonse," analemba.
Kupanga chuma chikhala kunja kwa mliri osati kwabwino kwambiri. Ambiri aiwo amalandira katemera asanakhale mayiko omwe adapangidwa m'maiko omwe akutukuka kumeneku kunali kocheperako - pafupifupi 4% yokha ya GDP yopumira ndi misonkho pafupifupi 13% ya GDP pafupifupi m'maiko otukuka . Kuphatikiza apo, zopanga zachuma tsopano zili ndi ngongole zambiri kuposa mavuto azachuma padziko lonse lapansi - onse m'boma komanso malo achinsinsi, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo. Ngati chiwongola dzanja m'mayiko otukuka sichinali pafupi ndi zero, chuma chambiri chomwe chikukula chikadakhala ndi mavuto ambiri, koma mu 2020 zolakwika zingapo zomwe zidachitika: Argentina, Ebador, Ebador, Lebadon. Ndipo tsopano imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zoopsa - Taper Tantrumu 2.0, zikuwonetsa rogoff.
Epidemics imakulitsa mwayi wowonjezera wosakanikirana komanso kukulitsa kupatula kucheza ndi anthu wamba, omwe amakhazikitsidwa mu kafukufuku watsopano, womwe amawauza za blog ya bungwe. Kuyambira nthawi ya mliri wa ku Justinian pakati pa phompho. Mu 1918, chimfine cha Spain mu 1918 adatsata masitepe ena: kusokonekera kwa anthu onse osakhutira, kukula kwa magetsi pakati pamagulu osiyanasiyana, zovuta zandale komanso ngakhale kusintha kwa dongosolo. Ngakhale panali zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana, kuyerekezera kokwanira kwa kulumikizana ndi kusakhutira, olembawo adalembedwa. Kuti mudzaze malowa, amagwiritsa ntchito ndi anzanu kuchokera ku IMF mlojex, kutengera malipoti ofananira pagulu, ndipo adayerekeza ndi zosowa zake ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana m'maiko 130 mpaka pano. Kusanthula kunawonetsa kuti m'maiko omwe miliri nthawi zambiri zimachitika nthawi zambiri ndipo zinali zowopsa kwambiri, zionetsero zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri. M'mbuyomu, akatswiriwo a IMF adafika pomaliza pozindikira zotsatira za miliri m'maiko 131 kuyambira 2001 mpaka 2018.
Zotsatira za miliri kuchokera pakuwona momwe anthu ambiri amakhudzira anthu, olembawo amagogomezera. Chifukwa chake, munthawi yochepa, kusamvana kwa chizolowezi kumawotcha: pomwe matenda adera akuluakulu ndi ovuta, kuwonjezera apo, mliriwo ungathandizire kuphatikizira anthu pagulu. Pomaliza, maulamuliro aulamuliro amagwiritsa ntchito miliri m'mawu awo - kulimbikitsa mphamvu zawo ndi kuperekera kufooka, olemba kulemba. Mu 2020, panali zionetsero zochepa mdziko lapansi, olembawo akuwonetsa, ndiye kuti Covid-19 amagwirizanitsidwabe ndi mbiri yakale pakuchepa kwa miliri. Koma munthawi yapakatikati, mwayi wokhala ndi chikhalidwe chosokoneza, olembawo adakhazikitsa: Olembawo adakhazikitsa, miliri sikuti ndizochuluka kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa matendawa ndisanakhale ndi chidaliro M'mabungwe, kasamalidwe kansi kansi, umphawi ndi kusalingana.
Digitoirization yonse ya chithandizo chamankhwala, malingaliro oganiza bwino komanso kudziwitsa anthu osiyanasiyana - pulofesa wa ku yunivesite ya a Ben-Gurion Rasser mu Blogid kuchokera ku Covid-19. Gawo la anthu lomwe limalandira katemera ku Israeli ndilotu kwambiri padziko lapansi - pa February 1, pa February 1, mlingo woyamba wa katemera panali zaka 70-79 - 90%. Ogwira ntchito zachikulire komanso azaumoyo anali magulu oyamba oyambira, koma makatedwe amaliyala amayamba kupezeka kwa onse. Chifukwa cha digito ya chisamaliro chaumoyo, Israyeli ali ndi deta yokwanira yazachipatala kuti apange njira zingapo zothandizira kuti agwiritse ntchito katemera, koma chisankhocho chidalemba, koma osakonzekera kuthamanga, osakweranso. Koma digilizirization idathandizira kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa katemera wa mankhwalawa: Ngati pali Mlingo wowonjezera wa mankhwalawo ndipo, ngati Mlingo wowonjezera unakhalabe, chipatalacho chimatumiza mameseji ndi foni yoyitanitsa aliyense wapafupi. Zotsatira zake, zotayika zinali zochepa mpaka mamiliyoni 0.01%.
Zachidziwikire, Israeli ali ndi zabwino zingapo ku katemera, omwe a Dansir adalemba: anthu adzikoli ndi ochepa (anthu 9 miliyoni) komanso ochita zaumoyo, ali ndi vuto ladzidzidzi. Komabe, ntchito yoganiza bwino imafunikira, chifukwa chimodzi mwazovuta, monga m'maiko ambiri, panali kusayanjaka kwa anthu ndi kuzindikira. Makamaka vutoli lili m'magulu otsekedwa: Chifukwa chake, m'madera ena a ultra-tali, mphekesera zimafalikira kuti katemera akhoza kubweretsa kusabereka. Mfundo yayikulu yokhudza kampeni ya Chidziwitso inali yowonekera: atsogoleri andale komanso achipembedzo aja adalandira katemera, ndipo akufotokoza bwino za katemera adazolowera chikhalidwe cha madera osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ultra-sodoxal ndi Arabu-Israel. Kampeni ya chidziwitso idakhudzanso atsogoleri a madera awa.
Othandizirani ambili oyambitsa chuma ayenera kukumbukira kuti m'zaka zaposachedwa ayamikiridwa, amakumbutsa Yamona taylor, ndipo wolemba za blog ya achuma. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa msonkho wolemera akadali munthawi ya gulu la bungwe la Purezidenti lidakambirana ku United States, ndipo tsopano lingaliro ili linali pa dongosolo komanso ku UK - likugwira ntchito kale ngati ntchito yapadera pa msonkho wapadera. Kafukufuku wina wa Commission amadzipereka pazokambirana za msonkho m'maiko otukuka. Chifukwa chake, mu 1990, mayiko 12 (onse - Europe) anali ndi msonkho wachuma, koma kuyambira pa 2010, ambiri a iwo anathetsedwa: Aghtria, Denven, Hidenfourg ndi Netherlands adakanidwa msonkho. Iceland yathetsa msonkho wambiri mu 2006, koma kenako adalengeza kwakanthawi kwa 2010-2014. Monga chotsutsa chadzidzidzi. Omaliza anali France: Mu 2018, anasintha msonkho pa chuma chambiri msonkho pa nyumba yotsika mtengo. Onse a 2020, msonkho wa chuma uli mu mawonekedwe angwiro amagwira ntchito ku Norway, Switzerland ndi Spain.
Amakanidwa kwambiri kukhala ndi msonkho wachuma, chifukwa njira zake zinali zabwino chifukwa cha malingaliro ndi zopereka, komanso maboma - mwachitsanzo, msonkho wokwera mtengo kapena msonkho wokwera mtengo. Chifukwa chake, chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe Switzerland imasunga msonkho pa chuma, chifukwa chakuti palibe msonkho wamsonkho mdzikolo, ndipo m'matangamo ambiri, kapena cholowa kapena mphatso. Vuto lodziwika bwino kwa mayiko kukana kulemera msonkho unali kuphatikiza ndalama zochepa komanso kusinthira kuwongolera. Chifukwa chake, ma risiti camsonkho akhoza kukhala 0,2-0.3% ya GDP mu msonkho wonse mu 40% ya GDP. Nthawi zambiri, kupemphera kwa chuma kumachitika komanso kusungidwa. M'mayiko ena, msonkho unangolipiritsa ndi woponderezedwa, wa ku France, nyumba zidatulutsidwa ndi chuma chosakwana ma 1.3 miliyoni, kotero kuti mu 2017 zidalipira kwa anthu 360,000 okha. Kuphatikiza apo, msonkho nthawi zambiri sunali zokongoletsedwa monga ndalama zokongoletsedwa monga ndalama zopendekera, mtengo wa nyumba umachotsedwa pazamsonkho, yomwe msonkho wa Boxr, zodzikongoletsera Chifukwa chachifundo, khulupirirani ndalama za mibadwo yamtsogolo, katundu waluntha. Zotsatira zake, anthu ambiri otetezedwa amatha kulemba ganyu ankhondo omwe amathandizira kugawa chuma m'njira yochepetsa kulipira msonkho, ndipo chifukwa cha ndalama zambiri zosawerengeka.