O, osati wamkulu ngati awa - kuti amenyere nkhondo padziko lonse lapansi. Akuluakulu amalandila magulu awo ndi maudindo opambana m'munda wankhondo. Komabe, wamkulu wa gulu lankhondo la US George Marshall (1880-1959) adadzakhala chaka chatsopano cha mphotho ya Nobel m'dziko la Nobel, asitikali oyamba, adalandira mphoto yapadera.
Koma chinthu choyamba choyamba. George Wamng'ono Marshall sanafune kuthandiza Atate wake m'banja labwino kwambiri pabanja - malonda amoto - ndipo adalowa munkhondo ya namwali. Pambuyo pake, kuphunzitsa kusukulu ndi kavalo komanso m'sukulu yankhondo.
Kugwira nawo ntchito ku Philippines komanso mu Nkhondo Yoyamba ya Philippine, zaka zitatu monga wopita kunkhondo, zaka zingapo zantchito yovuta ku China, ndipo ndili ndi zaka 45, amapita ku Yobu, Kukhulupirira kuti ntchito yake yogwira ntchito idamalizidwa. Zaka 12 zogwira ntchito pasukulu yankhondo ku Benn Benning (Georgia) zinalimbitsa mbiri yake monga katswiri wotchuka, komanso munthu wamphamvu komanso wodziletsa.
Palibe zodabwitsa kuti amanena kuti mumayamba ntchito yodziwika bwino, kenako mbiri imayamba kukugwirirani ntchito. Mu 1936, Marshall amapereka mutu wa gulu lankhondo ndikutumiza ku Washington. Apa amatsogolera dipatimele yakugwiritsa ntchito yankhondo.
Patsiku la nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, September 1 Marshall ali ndi Purezidenti pamaulendo onse, amatenga nawo mbali pamisonkhano yonse yapadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza Tehran ndi Yalta.
Gulu lankhondo la Marshall General lili ndi zochitika zingapo: amayang'anira ku Russia ku Russia, pamodzi ndi Britain, kumabweretsa zochitika zankhondo ku North Africa ndi Sicily, ndikukonzekera maofesi ankhondo ku Normandy. Kupitirira kopitilira "wolemera" (1944) ndiye anthu ambiri kwambiri m'mbiri, anthu oposa 3 miliyoni adatenga nawo mbali, adawonetsa kutsegulidwa kwachiwiri ku Europe.
Mu 1947, Marshall amalandila Purezidenti wa Mutauni wa mzinda wa Truman kuti atenge malo obisika a boma, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi mtumiki wa zochitika zakunja. Truman akuyembekeza kuti ngwazi zazikulu za ngwazi ziwiri zapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo mbiri yake yabwino imathandizira kubwezeretsa ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Marshall akuganiza zovomereza pempholi, ndikuyembekeza kuti, kukhala pamalo okwezeka, adzasintha malingaliro a Compatots. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kugunda kwake kwa nkhondo yolamulira anthu ambiri kumadera nkhawa kwambiri komanso kufunitsitsa kudzipatula ku mavuto kuchokera ku Europe. Zimamukumbutsa za zaka 20 zapitazo, pamene Nazizani kuti abwere kumphamvu.
Zinthu zomwe zili ku Europe sizili zoopsa: 55 miliyoni omwe anali atafa komanso anthu pafupifupi 100 miliyoni olumala, kusowa chuma, malinga ndi mabwinja, omwe angakhale kusokonekera kokha ndi 1978.
Momwe mungathandizire ku Europe? Malingaliro ambiri amalankhula pankhaniyi, koma Marshall okha ndi omwe adakwanitsa kutola gulu la akatswiri azaukadaulo ndipo adapanga deti latsatanetsatane kuti athandizire pachuma pakulemba (pulogalamu ya ku European). Tsopano chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chinali kutsimikizira azungu a Europe, ndipo koposa onse aku America, pofunikira kukonzekera dongosolo ili.
Kuvomerezedwa kwa dongosolo la Marshall kunali kukonzekera ngati usilikali weniweni. Popewa kutayikira kwa zidziwitso, ntchito yonseyi idachitika mu chinsinsi chokhwima, ichi sichinadziwe dipatimenti ya boma, kapena pamupizikulu mwiniwake. Marshall ndi gulu lake, inde, ozindikira bwino kwambiri kuti "Paraisan" angawonongere ntchito zawo zonse. Koma, malinga ndi Japan, wolimba mtima kwambiri alibe asitikali akuntha.
Meyi 5, 1947, Harvard. Patsikuli, Marshall adalandira digiri yolemekezeka. Komabe, m'malo mwa kuyankhula koyamika, malankhulidwe ake 10 okwana 10 odzipereka pa ulaliki wa dongosolo lankhondo lobwezeretsa. Europe inaganiza za thandizo la ndalama, ndipo maboma a mayiko olandira ayenera kukonzekera kukula kwake ndi njira zake zobwezeretsa komanso kusintha chuma chawo.
Mawu a ku Marshall adapereka kwakukulu, usiku wonse, adakhala nyenyezi yandale yankhondo ya onsemi. Purezidenti Truman adalengeza kuti mapulani a Marshall ndiye theka lachiwiri la mawuwo ku "chiphunzitso cha kupanduka kwa chikominisi", ndipo moyo wonse ". Congress adachita mantha kuti kutuluka kwakukulu kwa likulu kumawononga chuma cha US.
Komabe, Dongosolo la Marshall linali kutali ndi chikondi. Madola biliyoni 17 awunikira Europe, koma amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ku United States chifukwa chogula zida ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, ntchito zatsopano zidapangidwa, chuma chinamveka.
Pa msonkhano ku Paris (Julayi 1947), kumene mitundu ya konklati yothandizidwa ndi mayiko 16 a mamembala a komiti ya komiti ya anthu ku Europe inakambidwa, nthumwi za Soviet adasiya chipinda cha msonkhano. "Izi ndi njira yosakhutiririka ya Americanrity of America," V. Molotov adatero. Mwachilengedwe, chifukwa chokhacho chopezera thandizo pakubwezeretsa chuma cha boma.
"Dongosolo la Marshall" limawerengedwa kuti likugwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Chifukwa cha zozungulira izi, ogulitsa ku Europe adabwezeretsedwa kwathunthu ndipo kale mu 1951 adapitilira 40% ya nkhondo isanachitike. Nthawi yomweyo maziko a m'tsogolo a ku Europe adayikidwa.
Mphoto ya Nobel ya dziko lapansi imaperekedwa kuyambira 1901, kwa zaka 16 zosiyana sanapatsidwe mwayi wolembetsa oyenera. Ndipo kamodzi kokha sanalandire machitidwe enieni, osati chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa dziko lapansi, koma chifukwa cha zolinga ndi malonjezo. Wa Nobeber wophunzirira 2009 adakhala a Barack Obama.
Wolemba - Julia Chizindikiro
Gwero - Springzhizni.ru.