Kev sau ntawv rau lub sijhawm ntev tau suav hais tias yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg rau cov poj niam, yog li lawv feem ntau yuav tsum tau noj tus txiv neej pseudonym lossis luam tawm tsis qhia npe. Peb nkag siab li cas nyob hauv Russia tus cwj pwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv thiab cov npe twg lawv tau xaiv los tshaj tawm lawv cov haujlwm.
Nws yog nyob rau ntawm lub suab tsis zooHauv tebchaws Russia, pib ntawm XIX xyoo pua yog qhov tsis sib xws los txhawb cov poj niam koom tes hauv cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau lwm qhov - nws nyob ntawm lub suab tsis zoo. Nyob rau hauv tib phau ntawv xov xwm hauv 1804 nws tau tshaj tawm ib tsab ntawv "ntawm cov huab tais thiab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm cov poj niam. Niam txiv rau tus ntxhais. " Nws muaj kev txiav txim siab thiab sau ntawv, thiab tshwj xeeb yog cov uas pheej hmoo luam tawm lawv cov lus:
Tsab ntawv sau no yog nyeem los ntawm ib lub hint ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm cov poj niam zoo li no. Tom qab 30 xyoo, qhov teeb meem hauv Lavxias tsis tau hloov nyob rau hauv Russia: xyoo 1837, tus kws sau ntawv nikoli Ntawm lwm yam, nws tau sau:
Vim tias tus cwj pwm no rau poj niam sau ntawv los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm XIX xyoo pua, tus kws sau ntawv yog siv cov ntawv sau ua lus tseeb. "Huag, Yog tias peb tseem muaj tus poj niam muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv pseudonym BedsPread?" - Nyob rau xyoo 1840 thuam Alexhevskaya nyob rau hauv nws cov ntawv tshaj tawm zoo "vestinets".
Kev sib tw los ntawm cov txiv neej txhawb nqaTxawm li cas los xij, poj niam tsis tau siv pseudonyms ib txwm. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov kws sau paj huam ntawm lub xyoo pua XVIIIs Elizaveta Elizaveta, Natasbina Svinina Svignina, thiab tom qab ntawd lwm tus tshaj tawm lawv cov npe. Cov poj niam pib noj pseudonyms ntau npaum li kev tshaj lij ntawm cov ntawv nyeem: kev sib tw los ntawm cov txiv neej, nrog rau kev thuam tus poj niam uas tsis paub meej.
Tab sis Catherine II ua los ntawm lwm yam kev txiav txim siab. Nws sib koom tes nrog cov ntawv xov xwm Satirical thiab siv cov txiv neej patrica pod Nws cov chav kawm ntawv nyeem tau kawm ob lub hom phiaj: rau cov neeg Lavxias nyeem - nws yog kev qhia, feem ntau nyob hauv qab ntuj ntawm kev sib tw, ua qauv qhia ntawm kev paub.
Kev siv pseudonyms yog ib qho kev txhob txwm ua si: Cov neeg tuaj mloog paub txig zoo uas tau muab zais hauv qab lub npog ntsej muag. Qhov kev zam, tej zaum, yog "antidote", qhia tawm tsam phau ntawv Abbot J. Zoo Li "Kev Mus Ncig" (1768), uas nws yog qhov txaus ntshai los ntawm Barbaric Russia. Cov ntawv sau ntawm Catherine tau luam tawm tsis qhia npe tsis qhia npe, nws tau kev ua haujlwm tau khaws cia hauv kev zais siab txawm tias tsis muaj leej twg los teb cov neeg tsawg.
"Nws npau taws thaum lawv raug coj los ua poj niam"Tej zaum cov ntaub ntawv muaj npe nrov tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv txiv neej pseudonym sau nyob rau hauv XIX xyoo pua yog hais txog kev cia siab ntawm Durov. Lub txiv neej lub npe yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej: ua rau lub tsev teev ntuj thiab txhais ua Mariupol Gusar Regiment nyob rau hauv lub npe Alexander Andreevich Alexandrova. Tom qab tus huab tais nws tus kheej tau lees txoj cai los nyob ntawm tus txiv neej teeb meem, tsis muaj dab tsi tseem nyob, yuav ua li cas ua raws li nws tus yam ntxwv. Denis Davydov, lwm tus kws tsim ntaub ntawv sau, teb rau Durov: "Tom qab ntawd, kuv tsis tau ua ntau yam, tsis ua ntej nws paub qhov txawv, txiv neej lossis poj niam nws siab. "
Tom qab tawm haujlwm hauv 1816, Durov tau hais ntxiv rau daim paib rau cov tsiaj ntawv piv txwv thiab, raws li cov pov thawj ntawm cov neeg teev ntuj, npau taws thaum lawv tau kho tus poj niam. Ib feem ntawm nws kev sau ntawv ntawm Durovings tseem tau luam tawm ua Alexandrov (piv txwv li cov dab neeg zoo heev "," YARMUE LAWV "luam tawm hauv 1840).
Kev sau ntawv nyob rau hauv pseudonym, memoirs hauv qab lub npe tiag tiagAvdota Panayev, muaj suab npe tshaj plaws rau lawv txoj kev nco ", yog cov thawj coj thiab cov neeg tsis saib xyuas", "tus poj niam uas saib xyuas", "tus poj niam tsis zoo" , "Lub rampant nqis", "tej yam me me"), nrog rau cov neeg Roman "ntawm Talnikov" (1847). Hauv kev koom tes nrog Nekrasov, nws sau cov Noveet "tuag lub pas dej" thiab "peb lub teb chaws lub teb". Nws yog cov tsos mob uas panayev heev uas Panayev luam tawm nws cov ntawv sau ua kos nyob hauv Pseudonym, thiab Memoirs hauv qab lub npe tiag tiag. Raws li nws lees nyob rau hauv nws "nco": "Kuv txoj kev sau ntawv tau khaus. - Kwv yees, thiab Panayev thiab Nekrasov, hauv kuv txoj kev xav tau, muab kuv rau kuv rau tus kws sau ntawv ". Tab sis dab tsi nws tau sau txog tus kws sau ntawv ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm Chukovsky nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia rau nws "puas":
Nws hloov tawm tias ua tsaug rau ob tus txiv neej zoo, PANAYEV "tau muaj lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws" kom tau ntsib nrog cov neeg sau qoob loo zoo tshaj plaws. Tsis ntau hais txog cov kev ua ntaub ntawv tseem tsis tau hais txog Nekrasov, uas tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob: hauv cov khub niam txiv tsim nyog, cov poj niam feem ntau ua tsuas yog tus pab cov neeg pab.
Ua neej nyob raws li koj cov cai, thiab tsis raws li cov cai ntawm tus txiv neej ntiaj tebTus kws sau ntawv nadezhda khvoschinsa siv pseudonym v. Krestovsky. Tom qab tus kws sau npe hu ua tom qab lub hnub paub. Krestovsky, nws me ntsis hloov kos npe: Pseudonym. Nws kuj tau coj pseudonyms ntawm v. pharecinov thiab n. vozdvizhensky. BUCKED Elena Koltonovskaya tau sau txog HVOSCHINSKAYA: "Tsis muaj leej twg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias uas tau lees paub nws tus kheej ua yeeb yam li George Zand thiab George Elliot "(uas tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv tus txiv neej pseudonym). Tus heroines ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Khroschinsky feem ntau los ua poj niam uas tau nrhiav ua neej, thiab tsis raws li cov cai ntawm tus txiv neej ntiaj teb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub hoschinskaya nws tus kheej impartly tau txheeb xyuas cov ntawv sau sau ua haujlwm. Yog li, xav txog ib qho ntawm cov poj niam cov txiv poj niam, tus neeg thuam poj niam nws tus tsim tawm rau ib daim duab khoob ntawm tus cwj pwm tshiab, npog cov tswv yim tshiab:
Los ntawm txoj kev, tus muam ntawm kev cia siab, Sophia khvoschinska, tseem sau tau txiv neej pseudonym - Ivan smeveniev.
"Tus poj niam tsis muaj lub siab, tsis muaj lub zog ntawm kev tsim"Tus kws sau paj huam zinaida hippos, uas ua nws kev sib ntxub nyob rau xyoo 1888, ib zaug pom: "Peb ib leeg xwb yuav luag txhua tus kos npe los ntawm tus poj niam npe." Nws nyiam tus pej xeem nrog cov tsos ntawm tus txiv neej costume, kev thuam nws tau kos npe rau nws tus txiv neej, tab sis rau kev thuam nws tau kos npe, Roman Arensky, Anton Kirsha, Nikita Yav tsaus ntuj, V. Vitovt. Tus kws sau paj huam Makovsky hu ua Hippus androgin, thiab tus thuam thiab keeb kwm ntawm cov ntawv nyeem cov ntaub ntawv Svyatopolk-Mirsky tau sau tias "muaj poj niam me ntsis hauv nws." Hippius nws tus kheej kho "poj niam" theej tsis ntseeg:
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm hypius, kev siv txiv neej pseudonym tsis raug yuam, zoo li cov kws sau ntawv feem ntau, tab sis kev xaiv ib qho kev paub.