Idan ya zo ga sararin samaniya, mutane da yawa da farko sun tuna da HUBBLY, kodayake a cikin injiniyan da suka gabata sun aika da yawa manufa manufa zuwa sarari. Daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa - "na kwarai" sananne ne, amma mai nasara, ƙungiyar Soviet ta ƙaddamar da shekaru 38 da suka gabata, a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1983. Wannan manufa ta yi aiki a cikin kewayawa na shekara takwas maimakon shekara ta shirin da kuma tattara kaya masu mahimmanci game da Quasant Quass, taurari da taurari.
Za mu gabatar da masu karatun mu da tsarin ilimin dan ilmin yau da kullun kuma mu fada abin da ake samu game da hakan ya cimma.
Sararin samaniya na atomatik "na rigakafi". Me ta yi tunanin?
Tun daga ƙarshen 1970s, masana kimiyya na Soviet sun so ƙirƙirar tsarin gida wanda zai iya yin amfani da sararin samaniya na taurari, galaxany da kuma taurara na ultraviolet da kuma ɗakunan X-ray. A cikin X-Rayy, Quasars, ramuka baƙi da sauran jikin masu ban sha'awa ga masoyu da taurari na ultravolet suna gaya wa game da tsarin sunadarai da zazzabi.
Matsalar ita ce cewa X-haskoki bai isa duniya ba, suna sha da sararin samaniya, abin da ya faru da UV haskoki kawai (315-400 NM), amma suna ba mai ban sha'awa ga kimiyya. Sabili da haka, don gudanar da lura a cikin waɗannan sassan, kuna buƙatar tashi zuwa tsawo, inda yanayin yake hana shi.
An amsa sashen kimiyya na Aclan Account Atlichysical da ke lura da Jagoran kimiyyar lissafi Alexandancuk (1931-2015), da kuma hukumar CNES na Faransa. Don haɓakar kayan aikin, wanda kayan kimiyya ya kamata ya kamata - Ofishin Kimiyya na ƙarshe na NGOau na NGO ne mai suna bayan S. Lavochkina. A waccan lokaci, ƙwararrun Ofishin Ofishin gina gina ba a cikin binciken duniya.
Injiniyan Soviet sun yanke shawarar kirkirar "ainihin" na "na yau da kullun da ke lura da karce, amma don zaɓar tashar da aka gama a sarari. Akwai dalilai guda biyu don shi:
- Don hanzari shirya gwaji;
- Don adana a kan aikin.
Wajibi ne a zama na'urar da zata dace da bukatun matsananciyar wahala. Wato:
- Zai iya ɗaukar nauyin kuɗi gaba ɗaya a cikin nau'in telescope na gani tare da spectrometer don yin rijistar zealoes na galaxies da taurari a UV na UV Band da X-Ray Telescoper Spectrometer;
- An kiyaye shi sosai daga tasirin hasken rana;
- Zan iya zama cikin kewaya, a kan abin da sakamakon ƙasa zai zama kaɗan.
Tarayyar Soviet tana da irin wannan kayan aikin. A duk abubuwan da ake buƙata, jerin Venus jerin sun dace, wato Venus-15.
Gaskiya ne, kafin sanya telescopes a kan jirgin, ya canza kaɗan. An cire shi daga shi shigarwa na motoci, wanda ya ɗauki tashar kan ganowa na duniya na Duniya-Venus da kuma duba na musamman wanda aka haɗa, wanda yake a haɗe shi, bangarorin da ke tare da su An kori gas don a canza tashar tashar tashoshi, radiators kayan aiki tare da wutan lantarki, eriya.
Injiniya sun canza kuma wurin masu aikin lantarki masu lantarki da ke da alhakin kewaya "ilmin sararin samaniya". Idan sun tsaya daidai kamar yadda suka tsaya a kan "Venus-15", bisa ga siginar na'urori masu auna wakilai ba zai iya canza daidaituwa a sarari ba, kuma, a matsayin sakamakon, ba zai iya bincika mafi girman yankin sama ba.
Kayan adireshi "
Babban na'urorin kimiyya "masanin taurari" shine tsarin mita-mileet ". Ta auna kimanin kilogram 400. Diamita na babban madubi shine 80 cm, tsayin mai da hankali shine 8 m, tsayin daka shine m kuma samar da babban filin hoto tare da ingancin hoto mai kyau .
Saiti tare da Telescope ya haɗa da ultorioet SPS spectrometer, wanda aka haɓaka a cikin haɗin tare da Faransa. Na'urar tana da shigarwar difragm uku waɗanda aka yarda suyi nazarin abubuwa guda uku: taurari masu haske, raunin jikinku, mai rauni jikin jikinsu, kamar Nebula, Comet. Kayan aiki da aka rubuta a cikin tsaka-tsaki daga 110 zuwa 350 nm kuma daga 170 zuwa 650 nm.
Wani kayan aikin kimiyya "masanin taurari" shine X-ray Telescope-Spectromet na Binciken Binciken Ussr a karkashin jagorancin Astrogysics Andrei arewa daga jihar Cibiyar Musulunci. Sternberg. Na'urar ta ƙunshi wasu masu ganowa da katangar lantarki kuma sun yarda suyi nazarin abubuwa masu kyau, kamar taurari neutron, farin dwarfs. Gano hasken X-Zadawa da aka yi rikodin X-ray a cikin kewayon daga 2 zuwa 25 kuma na iya auna kowane milise seconds na 2.28, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a lura da al'amuran makamashi da sauri.
Wane ilimi ne "na kwayoyi"?
A ranar 23 ga Maris, 1983, makiyaya mai ɗaukar kaya ta ba da isasshen sararin samaniya. Perigue na telescope na terbits (orbit mafi kusa da ƙasa) ya kasance yana da tsayi na kilomita 2,000, da kumaphoe (mafi nisa daga ƙasa na orbit) a ƙarshen kilomita 200,000. Irin wannan oriti ya yarda da "kwayoyin" 90% na lokacin gudanar da binciken kimiyya a cikin belun kimiyya na duniya, ana iya shafe aikin kayan aikin. Bugu da kari, wannan al'adar "sami ceto" daga haske mai karfi na geochongeon, wanda ya iyakance mences na karatun UV.
Wani kuma da wannan orit - masana Soviet na iya ci gaba da saka idanu a cikin abubuwan da suka yi, wanda ya ba su damar kafa tare da bikin rediyo 200 a cikin shekarar.
[Taridu a kan batun: Kamar yadda Amurka da USSR, Moon yana so ya zargi]
"Kwayar taurari" lura da lura 3-4 hours a rana. Telescope na iya bincika sararin samaniya a cikin minti 12, yayin da yake yin ɗaya zama ɗaya zuwa kimanin 70,000. Tashar ta yi aiki a cikin yanayi, a batun gano fashewar gamma ko wani taron makamashi da ake so zai iya juyawa a cikin hanyar da ake so don kaiwa da na'urorin da ake so don tabbatar da na'urorin.
A lokacin aiki a cikin kewayawa, hanyoyin da aka karɓa akan ɗaruruwan hanyoyin, da yawa na Quass da maalabs.
A watan Afrilun 1986, Pevet Conclet ya gudanar da nazarin ultviolet na wasan kwaikwayo na Comet Halley kuma ya taimaka wa masana kimiyya su gano cewa yana gudana a lokacin da yake gab da rana.
Hakanan, masana kimiyyar Soviet sun yi amfani da "na kwantar da hankali na UV" don yanayin ozone a cikin yanayin duniya, don fahimtar yadda ƙaddamar da makamai masu linzami da ke shafar Layer ɗin ozone. Wannan bayanin ya zama dole don karatun muhalli ne da na soja.
A cikin 1987, masana kimiyya sunyi amfani da soviet da ake lura da Soviet kuma don lura da Superenova. A watan Fabrairu, duniyarmu ta kai hasken barkewar kawar da Supernova Sn 1987a, wanda ya faru a Dwarf Galaxy babban gajimt. Ya kasance mafi kyawu kuma mafi kusa fashewa Superenova tun sabuwar dabara ta telescopes. "Airkokin" daya daga cikin farkon zuwa sa ido kan wannan taron, nazarin ya tafi na watanni 15. Snoiet masu hankali sun gano cewa Sn 1987a bai tasowa a lokacin barkewar tauraron mai ba da haske, gwargwadon kwararru sun yi imani da lokacin, kuma lokacin da masu ɗaukar fansa ya zama barkewar lalacewa.
Anan akwai wasu binciken 'yan uwan mu. Tare da taimakon Telescope, yana yiwuwa a gano cewa:
- Ko da daga taurari na tsaye, abu mai yiwuwa ne a fitar, kuma, a cikin tan iri iri, har zuwa tan miliyan ɗari a sakan. Abin sha'awa, fiye da tauraro mai zafi, da karfi da saki, saurin wani lokacin ya kai fiye da 1000 km / c;
- A cikin tsarin sunadarai na yanayin wasu taurari, babban taro na Uranium, jagoranci, Togneten an samo Tobetten. Daga inda waɗannan abubuwan suka bayyana a wurin, ba a fili ba.
Waɗannan da sauran bayanan sun taimaka fi fahimtar fahimtar juyin jiki da taurari, kuma sun zama tushen mahimmancin bayani game da Astrophysics.
Hakanan an taimaka da warware mafi mahimmancin fasaha. Misali, kwararru sun yi nasarar kirkirar tsarin Astrochessor, wanda zai iya haifar da telescope tare da babban daidaito. Ya juya ya zama mai bakin ciki da na bakin ciki mai haske, kazalika da haɓaka fasahar sananniyar kayan kwalliyarsu, kera gelescope jikin da zai iya zama da girman bayyanar zafi da hana watsawa.
Shekaru takwas na aiki
Bayan shekarar farko ta aiki a cikin kewayawa a cikin tankunan lardin kuma, har yanzu akwai isasshen gas mai cike da hankali, kuma masana kimiyyar sun yanke shawarar mika aikin telescope.
A cikin 1989, da lura mai gajiya mai ƙarewa kuma kusan asarar dama don kawo kayan aikin su don burin su. Zamarar da ta ƙarshe na sadarwa ta rediyo tare da masanin asirin masanan Asiri a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1991, bayan da manufa bisa ga bisa ga hukuma bisa hukuma ƙare. A sararin samaniya, Telescope ya yi aiki na shekaru takwas.
Don babban manufa, ƙungiyar Soviet Injiniya da aka ba da kyautar Asibitin jihar ta USSR.
Tushen da marubucin amfani lokacin shirya kayan:- Daftarin aiki a cikin Shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya na Kimiyya na USSR ", wanda aka shirya shi ta hanyar Arewa ta Arewa ta Arewa.
- Littafin "karatun ASTrophysical a tashar sararin samaniya." Edited by a.a. Boyarbanuk:
- Mataki: "Nazari na sarari da aka yi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a 1983"
- Mataki na "Ibran Adam: Veneera ya juya sarari Telescope"
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